高考书面表达常见问题.doc

高考书面表达常见问题河南省淮阳一高 王清华一、字数凑不够怎么办？对于开放式作文，可从内容上下工夫。比如：多写几个要点，多举几个例子，此处不再赘述。对于控制性作文，可以适当增加细节。以2009年全国I卷为例，在表达第一个要点“外出购物，特留便条”时，有两种版本：1）I will go shopping and leave this note to you.2）I am going shopping with my friends this afternoon but you happen to be out, so I have to leave this note to you.显然，句1）只述梗概，显得单薄；而句2）则运用细节，内容充实；尤其是连词的使用，使得行文连贯，很好地表达出了该要点。第三个要点“Tracy电话留言：要求尽快回电”也有两种表达方法：3）She asked you to call her back as soon as possible.4）She said that she would appreciate it if you could call her back as soon as possible.不难看出，4）句运用细节，形象鲜明。其谦恭之态，急切之情，跃然纸上，呼之欲出，令人难忘。二、我的文章干巴巴的怎么办？中学生书面表达，往往边看要点边逐条翻译，势必单调枯燥，味同嚼蜡。这就需要我们做些“添枝加叶、添油加醋”的工作。具体说来：在记叙文中，表达要点的同时我们可以谈谈感受；在议论文、说明文中，表达要点时顺便谈谈其作用、意义、原因等。我们再来看全国I卷，还是第三个要点：“Tracy来电留言，咖啡屋见面取消”。试比较：5）Tracy called and said the meeting at Boltol Coffee was put off.6）Tracy called while you were out, saying that she couldnt make it for the appoinment at Bolton Coffee, as she had something important to attend to.句6）使用as把取消约会原因一笔带过，既入情入理，又不蔓不枝。2009年北京卷看图写话，描写植树过程：7） In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. （2009北京卷）8） Seeing the lines of trees, we had a sense of achievement.（2009北京卷）2009年山东卷第三个要点：邀请Tom在春节期间来中国感受中国文化。9）I am more than delighted to invite you to join us to celebrate the Spring Festival -Chinese Lunar New Year so that I can repay your friendship. You can partner with me to have a try in lion dances ,which is extremely exciting.显然，有了划线部分，文章显得有血有肉，血肉丰满。说白了，只要在写作中把非限制性定语从句、-ing分词作状语、插入语等语法项目恰当地学以致用，我们的文章就不会枯燥乏味，就不会毫无生机。三.我的文章逻辑性不强怎么办？有些试卷所给要点琐碎，体现不出逻辑性。这就需要我们归纳、整理、筛选，看看它们到底是因果关系、并列关系、还是递进关系？然后，先面后点，先总后分，并用适当的连词把诸要点有机地连接起来。以2009年江苏卷为例：先写鼠标的优点，再写鼠标的缺点。不难判断这属于转折或让步关系：10）Convenient as it is（让步关系）, the mouse can also have some negative effects in our daily life.（2009江苏卷）再看全国II卷第4个要点：介绍北京改建后的前门大街特色：步行街、当当车、茶馆、剧院等。我们经过分析发现：“特色”是总括；“步行街”却有“当当车”是转折；茶馆、剧院，店铺是并列。11）The street has many features. For example（举例：由面而点）, it is a pedestrain street, but （转折）there are trolley cars to take you to shops, as well as （并列）many theatres and teahouses, where （补充说明）you can taste a truly Chinese way of life.（2009全国卷II）2009年全国II卷第3个要点：交通方式：公共汽车17、69、59等路，地铁2号线。无疑这应该是并列关系，可以用and，too或also表达。一下都是很好的表达方式：12）Located south of Tiananmen Square, it is convenient to get there by busBuses No. 17, 59, and 69 run through it. You can also have the alternative of （并列）taking Subway Line 2 to get there. （2009全国卷II）13）As the street is located south of Tiananmen Square, you can arrive there by Buses No. 17, 59, and 69, to name just a few（举例）. Subway Line 2 has a stop there, too（并列）. （2009全国卷II）说到并列关系，对于中国人来说，最头疼的莫过于表达一堆数字了。我们往往是堆砌数字，记流水账。其实，罗列事物不一定非得使用并列句；作为替代，在简单句中使用with结构是个不错的选择。请看全国II卷第1个要点：长800余米、600多年历史、300余家商铺。14）As a famous street with a history of over 600 years, it stretches itself to a length of over 800 metres, with more than 300 shops lining it.下面介绍给大家一些常用的逻辑关系纽带：表示顺序： first, second, then, next, finally, last but not least递进关系： in addition, moreover, besides, above all, furthermore, more importantly；best of all; worse still; to make matters worse; worst of all对比关系： whereas, in contrast, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand 转折关系：however, nevertheless, still选择关系：or, alternatively因果关系：consequently, accordingly, as a result, thus, therefore表示举例：for example, for instance, say, to name but a few, a case in point is表示解释：that is to say, in other words, namely, to put it simply, simply put表示总结： in a word, in brief, in short, in conclusion, to sum up四、我的文章累赘拉杂怎么办？中学生文章拉杂主要表现在：无原则地使用主从复合句；无原则地使用并列复合句。本来一个词就可以就可以表达的内容，有些同学偏偏用一个从句。如He speaks English like a person whose mother tongue is English。其实He speaks English like a native speaker足矣，简洁明了。我们来看看2009年重庆卷的第一个要点“自我介绍”的两种版本：15）I am Li Hua. I am a student from Xin Hua Middle School. I am a person who often visits your website.（2009重庆卷）16）I am Li Hua, a student from Xin Hua Middle School and also a loyal netizen to your website.显然，句15）较前一个句子简洁有力。“简洁乃写作之灵魂（Brevity is the soul of writing）”。在做书面表达时，一定要牢记短语优越于从句，简单句优越于复合句，并尽可能做到长短句结合。此外，使用替代也是避免累赘拉杂的一个重要方法。如全国I卷可以用She has already told Susan about this change.一个change替代了上文“咖啡屋见面取消”；2009年江苏卷可以用it或the device代替mouse，从而避免了大量重复。还有我们书面表达中更为常见的题目：就某一举措写发表看法。下面这些词可以化繁为简，以一当十：the move（此举）； this measure（该措施）； the practice（这种做法；此风）；this idea（这种观点）。五.如何写好文章的开头？英语的思维习惯是：先重要后次要。所以，开头最好开门见山，直抒胸臆。以高考中常考的书信体为例，我们就可以这样开头：信件开头示例一：Dear Tom, I am now back in China sound and safe. In this letter I would like to convey my heartfelt appreciation to you for your kind assistance in my English learning when I was in New York. Additionally, （2009年山东卷）信件开头示例二：Dear Bob,Im so glad to learn that youre coming in September. Ive found a place for you.（2003年全国卷）信件开头示例三：Dear Andy,I am glad to learn that you are coming to China and will stay at my home.（2004全国卷II）信件开头示例四：Dear Paul,I am so glad that you are planning to take a summer course in China.（2005年全国卷）信件开头示例五：Dear Nick,Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in（2006年四川卷）回信开头示例一：Dear Peter,Im glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to learn Chinese well. Here are a few suggestions.（2008全国卷II）回信开头示例二：Dear Mr. Green,I am very excited to learn that we are going to start a magazine together. It is indeed a wonderful idea and everyone hopes for its success. I would like the magazine to have three columns:（2007安徽卷）回信开头示例三：Dear Dick,How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. （2001年全国卷）回信开头示例四：Dear Bob，Its very kind of you to write me and let me know about your beautiful city.Now Id like to tell you something about my hometown Jiangcheng（2004江苏卷）求职信开头示例：Dear Sir or Madam,I have learned from an advertisement that your company is in need of a secretary. I would like you to consider me for the position.求助信开头示例：Dear Peter,I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor.演讲辞开头示例：Good afternoon, everyone.The topic of my speech today is “Being a Good Listener”.（2008年江苏卷）六、如何写好文章结尾？不同的文体，都有各自模式化的结尾方式。比如如果你开头提出问题，在分析之后，结尾处你就要提出解决方案。如果你写一篇文章向读者介绍你美好的家乡，最后你肯定希望读者前来一饱眼福。下面是一些常见的结尾方式：求职信结尾示例一：I am looking forward to your early reply.（2008福建卷）求职信结尾示例二：I would appreciate it greatly if you grant me a chance for interview(或：if you consider my request). 投诉信结尾示例：Thank you for your consideration.（2008年湖北卷：手机质量问题）It is my sincere hope that the problem can be addressed immediately.回复投诉信结尾示例：If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.（全国卷I）If you need any further information, do let me know.If you have any further problems, please dont hesitate to tu