自考英语(一)English_jy09011.doc

高等教育自学考试网上辅导英语（一）Text ALearned Words and Popular WordsNew Words1.前缀单词misconception 误解，错误想法；错误印象2.合成grown-up 成熟的，成人的；成年人3.后缀单词（1）名词后缀possession 所有，拥有；所有物acquaintance 认识，了解；相识的人，熟人importance 重要（性）presence 出席，到场；存在popularity 普及，流行；名望，受欢迎classification 分类；分级presence 出席，到场；存在cultivation 耕种，耕作；教养，修养（2）形容词后缀Learned 有学问的，博学的；学术上的经过训练学到的cultivated 耕种的，耕作的；栽培的，非野生的；有修养的，文雅的elevated 提高的，升高的；高贵的，庄严的educated 受过教育的，有知识的；有教养的formal 正式的；形式的，礼仪上vivacious 活泼的，轻快的convenient 方便的（3）副词后缀relatively 比较而言；相对地highly 高度地；极；非常Cruces words重点词汇：1.cultivated 耕种的，耕作的；栽培的，非野生的；有修养的，文雅的For example：The fields are cultivated in the Spring.（春天要耕种田地）He has cultivated an interest in art ever since he lived with his uncle. （自从他和叔叔生活以后他培养了对艺术的兴趣。）concern 关心，挂念；关系，关联；涉及，有关于；使关心，使挂念as far as somebody/something be concerned 至于；对而言；be concerned for/about 对比较关心；对比较挂念For example：As far as structure is concerned, this article is quite a good one.（就结构而言，这篇文章相当不错。）The problem of world peace concerns everybody.（世界和平关系到每一个人。）We are all concerned for his happiness.（我们大家都很关心他的幸福。）2.educated 受过教育的，有知识的；有教养的education 教育, 训导, 训练, 培养, 教育学For example：Higher education plays an important role in ones life. （高等教育在一个人的一生中扮演重要的角色/起很重要的作用。）She had been doing educational work for 40 years. （她作教育工作40年了。）The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.3.formal 正式的；形式的,礼仪上的formally（adv.） 正式地, 形式上For example：Formal dresses are required for such an important party. （参加重要的宴会要着正式的衣服。）Although the visit he paid to the country was informal he thought it was quite necessary .（虽然他对这个国家进行非正式访问，但是他认为这是必要的。） He formally presented his application form（他正式提交了申请表。） 4.highly （ad.）高度地；极；非常height （n.） 高度For example：She spoke highly of his discovery.（她对于他的发现给予了很高的评价。）He is one point seventy six meters in height.（他身高1.76米）The church tower is twenty meters high. （这个教堂塔楼有20米高）5.apply 申请，请求（for）；适用（to）；应用，运用（to）For example：She has applied to the university for an extended visit to Oxford.（她已向那所大学申请延长她对牛津大学的访问时间。）She applied for the degree of Master of Arts.（她申请了文学硕士学位。）What he said applied to us all.（他说的话对我们大家都适用。）6.avoid 避免，避开For example：The driver avoided an accident.（司机避免了一场事故。）You can hardly avoid meeting her if you both work in the same office.（如果你们在同一个办公室做事，你几乎免不了要遇见她。）Phrases and Expressions1.make up：组成，构成；弥补，补偿，赔偿；捏造，虚构For example： Animal bodies are made up of cells.（动物的身体是由细胞组成的。）The beautiful autumn makes up for the wet summer.（美丽的秋季弥补了多雨的夏季这一缺憾。）The whole story is totally made up.（本故事纯属虚构。）2.stock in trade：库存；常用手段（或stock-in-trade）For example：The shop is lacking of the stock in trade.（商店的库存不足了。）3.belong to：属于，是的成员For example：These books belong to me. （这些书是我的。）Which class do you belong to?（你是哪个班的？）4.at large：普遍地，一般地；自由地，（未被捕）逍遥自在地For example：Did the people at large approve of the governments policy?（老百姓一般都赞成政府的政策吗？）The escaped prisoner is still at large.（该逃犯仍逍遥法外。）5.come up：出现Ill let you know if anything comes up.（如果发生什么事，我会通知你的。）Im afraid something urgent has come up, I wont be able to see you tonight.（很抱歉，有些急事，今晚不能见你了。）6.as to：至于，关于As to our homework, the teacher always makes us do it ourselves.（至于家庭作业，老师总是让我们自己做。）7.be due to：由于，因为His lateness was due to the heavy traffic on the super highway.（他迟到是因为高速公路上车辆过多所致。）8.rather than：与其（不如）；不是（而是）He is a writer rather than a teacher.（与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。）He lay rather than sat in his armchair.（与其说他是坐在扶手椅里，不如说他是躺在里边。）Rather than John do it, Id prefer to do the job myself.（与其让约翰干这件事，我宁愿自己动手。）Text ALearned Words and Popular WordsIn every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, make up the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.从句：介词+which 引导的定语从句。The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.（有机器的那个房间是车间。）短语：be/become familiar with sth 熟悉某物或通晓even if 即使；纵然 或even thoughFor example：She wont leave the TV set, even if (though) her supper is on the table.（即使晚饭已经端到桌子上了，她也不愿意离开电视。）Even if I have to walk all the way, I will get there.（即使要一路走过去，我也要走到那里。）每一个文明社会所使用的语言里，都有两类不同的词汇，如果把这两大类词汇加在一起，就构成了该语言的整个词汇。首先，有些词汇是我们在一般的谈话当中慢慢熟悉的，也就是说，是我们从我们自己家的人或我们的朋友们那里学来的，这些词汇是在我们即使还不会看书报，不会写字时，就懂得，就会用了的。They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language. Such words may be called popular, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.这些词汇涉及的是生活中的一般事物，凡是说这种语言的人，脑海里都会储存这些词汇的。这些词汇可以称之为一般常用词汇，因为这些词汇是属于人民大众的，而不是只属于有限的某一阶层的人的。On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home.短语：a large number of大量的（后跟可数n）For example：A large number of books are missing from the library.（图书馆里很多书不见了。）另一方面，我们的语言中还包括一些在一般谈话中相对来说很少用到的一些为数很多的词汇。每位受过教育的人士都懂得这些词汇的意思，但是在家里几乎根本没有机会使用这些词汇。Our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mothers lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style. Such words are called learned, and the difference between them and popular words is of great importance to a right understanding of language.短语：（1）instyle：以风格（2）be of great importance=be important.重要For example：English is of great importance.（英语很重要。）Family is of great importance to everybody.（家庭对每个人都很重要。）我们最初并不是从母亲的嘴里也不是从同班同学的谈话中才听到这些词汇，而是从我们的读物当中，从我们所听的讲座当中，或者一些受过很高的教育的人在以很高深的学术风格讨论某一特定的专题时，从他们的比较正式的交谈当中，听到这些词汇的。这类词汇称之为专业学术词汇。理解专业学术词汇和一般常用词汇之间的差别，对正确地掌握语言是很重要的。The difference between popular and learned words may be easily seen in a few examples. We may describe a girl as lively or as vivacious. In the first case, we are using a native English word formed from the familiar noun life. In the latter, we are using a Latin derivative which has exactly the same meaning. Yet the atmosphere of the two words is quite different.单词：atmosphere （大气/大气层）在这里指气氛、情调、基调For example：a novel rich in atmosphere.一部富有感染力的小说。The atmosphere changed as soon as she walked in.她一进来气氛就变了。举几个例子就能容易地看出一般常用词汇与专业学术词汇之间的差别。我们在描述一位姑娘时，既可以说lively,也可以用 vivacious。在第一种情况，我们用的是由我们熟悉的名词life构成的一个英格兰本地词；在后一种情况，我们用的是一个拉丁语来源的词，这两个词汇的意思是一样的。可是这两个词使用的场合却完全不同。No one ever got the adjective lively out of a book. It is a part of everybodys vocabulary. We cannot remember a time when we did not know it, and we feel sure that we learned it long before we were able to read. On the other hand, we must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word vivacious.短语：（1）out of以（某事物）为源/来源。For example：She is copying a recipe out of a book.她正从书上抄下一份菜谱。He paid for a new car out of his savings last Sunday.上周，他从存款中拿钱买了辆新车。（2）long before在之前很久。（ before是一个介词）before long不久以后。（before long 是一个短语，在句中作时间状语）For example：They had not known each other long before they got married.他俩认识不久就结婚了。Class will be over before long.快要下课了。没有一个人是从书本上学会lively这个形容词的。这个词是每个人都会用的词汇中的一个。我们记不起我们学会用这个词是什么时候，我们都敢肯定，早在我们学会阅读之前很久，我们就学会了这个词。与此相反，我们是又过了若干年以后，才学会了vivacious这个词。We may even remember the first time that we saw it in print or heard it from some grown-up friend. Both lively and vivacious are good English words, but lively is popular and vivacious is learned.我们甚至还能记得我们第一次在印刷品上见到这个词的时候或者记得从某个成年朋友那里听到这个词的时间。Lively和 vivacious这两个词都是纯正的英语词汇。但lively是一般常用词，而vivacious是专业学术词。The terms popular and learned, as applied to words, are not absolute definitions. No two persons have the same stock of words, and the same word may be popular in one mans vocabulary and learned in anothers. There are also different grades of popularity. Still, the classification into learned and popular is convenient and sound. Different opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word, but there can be no difference of opinion about the general principle. 一般常用和专业学术这两个术语若用到词汇上并没有绝对的定义。根本就不可能有两个人储存在脑海里的词汇数量和内容是完全相同的。同一个单词在某人掌握的词汇里很可能算是一般常用词，而在另一个人所掌握的词汇里却成了专业学术词。一般常用的程度也可以有几个不同的档次。然而把词汇划分成一般常用词和专业学术词这种分类方法还是方便而又有理有据的。尽管把某一个词究竟划分到哪一类时会出现不同的意见，但对划分的根本标准却不会有分歧。We must be careful, however, to avoid misconception. When we call a word popular, we do not mean that it is a favorite word, but simply that it belongs to the people as a whole-that is, it is everybodys word, not the possession of a limited number. When we call a word learned we do not mean that it is used by learned persons alone, but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation.句型：when sb call/say sb do not/does not某人说，并不是指For example：when I say they are friend