2015年电大《文学英语赏析》期末复习重点参考资料小抄

1 电大 文学英语赏析 期末 复习重点 参考资料小抄 1. Figures of Speech 修辞格 P15-19 Simile 明喻 ： one thing is compared with another, usually using the word like, as. Metaphor 暗喻 : when we make a direct comparison between one idea and another unrelated idea. Alliteration 头韵 : when the same consonant sound (辅音 ) is repeated in words either next to or close to each other. Assonance 半韵 : Assonance refers to the repetition of similar vowel sounds(元音 ) close to each other. Personification 拟人 ： when a non-animate（无生命） object is given animate（有生命） characteristics. Parallelism 排比 ： when we have an identical structure repeated one or more times. Irony(and Sarcasm) 讽刺 : On one level, a persons words do not match their intention； on another level, irony refers to the total situation. Puns and wordplay 双关 : 有发音双关和词义双关。 2.句子或单词的正式程度： degrees of formality: very informal informalneutral(中性 )formal - very formal 单词： general(普通 ) - specific （特殊） 3. the Short Story 六要素 P29 Plot 情节 ： opening development - climax/ crisis (高潮 ) anticlimaxcoda （结尾） The Sniper (阻击手 ) ： 小说故事发生地点： on a rooftop near OConnell Bridge P32 Setting 地点 ： refers to the physical location and the background information about the reason for telling the story and information we may need about the main character or characters P36 Characterization 人物刻画 : appearance ( 外貌 ) ， dialogue (对话 )， behavior(行为 ) P39 Point of View 角度，视角 ： P41-42 1) first person narrative 第一人称。代表作： The Paring knife 2) I am a camera third person narrative 照相机式第三人称。代表作： The Sniper 3) third person narrative seen from only one of the characters point of view, 代表作： Night 4) third person narrative seen from two or more different characters point of view ,代表作： Rosary 5) third person omniscient(无所不知的 ) narrative, 代表作： Yours 4. Time Structure 时间结构 P44-45 1) the linear (顺叙 )： the action proceeds as in real time, one event follows another 代表作： The Sniper , 和 Room for one more 2) the flashback （倒叙）， usually works by starting a story at a point in the recent past, then switching the action back to an earlier time, farther back in the past. At the end it will usually bring us back to the same time zone we started from. 代表作： The Paring knife, 和 Bluebells and Autumn Leaves 和 Words Long Unspoken 3) the moving point (移动点 )： when the writer shifts abruptly back and forth between different time zones. 代表作： Mother 5. Short Story短篇 小说 ： 5.1) Hills Like White Elephant 白象似的群山： P51 作者： Ernest Hemingway: American novelist and short story writer. Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文学奖 (1954)获得者 . 文体风格： prose style- economical, direct and immediate. 故事地点： a train station in Spain 故事内容：一对情侣在火车站等车时， 两人在小店喝一种 licorice(苦艾酒 )饮料， 双方为了 abortion（堕胎）不愉快经历。 5.2) The Man Who Talked to Trees 和树交谈的人 ： P54 作者： Alan Maley 他的作品还有： Words Long Unspoken 好久没有说的话 5.3） Eveline 伊芙林： P57 作者： James Joyce : Irish novelist, poet, one of the innovative writers of the 20th century. Master of stream of consciousness (意识流大师 ) 代表作： Dubliners 都柏林人， Ulysses 尤利西斯， In Finnegans Wake 为芬尼根守灵 故事内容： It presents us with the dilemma(进退两难 )of a young girl, Eveline, living as a domestic slave to her violent father and younger siblings(兄弟 )， who has the chance to escape to a new life with her lover. 5.4) Thief 小偷 作者： Robley Welson P59 5.5) Paper Pills 纸丸 P62 作者： Sherwood Anderson: writer between two wars 代表作： Winesburg, Ohio 俄亥俄州温斯堡 6. Novels 长篇小说： 6.1) A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌 ： P66 作者： Charles Dickens 主人翁： a old miser (吝啬鬼 )， Scrooge 6.2) Heart of Darkness 黑暗的心 ： P68 作者： Joseph Conrad 2 故事内容： The adventurer , Marlow 在 Thames 河口向一群水手介绍去 Congo River 探险寻找一位神秘人 Kurtz 6.3） Lord of the Flies 苍蝇王 ： P72 作者： Golding: Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文学奖 (1983)获得者 . 故事内容： a group of schoolboys survive an air-crash（空难），后来分裂成两派，正方代表有 Ralph, Piggy, Simon, 反方代表以 Jack为首，最后正方失败 。故事结尾出现 cruiser(巡洋舰 )，暗示着 人类好战破坏的价值观 the warlike, destructive values of adult。 Lord of the Flies is a dystopla(反面乌托邦 )。 Golding makes and intertextual reference（映射） to the 19th century novel for boysCoral Island (珊瑚岛 )by R.M. Ballantine, which presents an optimistic, romanticized, idealistic story of some boys shipwrecked (船只失事 ) on a coral island. 6.4) Jane Eyre 简爱 ： P74 作者： Charlotte Bronte 主人翁： Jane Eyre 和 Mr. Rochester 她小说主题 themes- passionate love, love for a married man, woman as an independent agent in a male-dominated world. Jane Eyre 曾经当过 governess （家庭教师） 6.5） The Pearl 珍珠 ： P77 作者： Steinbeck: Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文学奖 (1974)获得者 故事内容： Kino, a poor fisherman, 因为得到一个硕大珍珠，最后家破人亡。 6.6） The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 杰克医生和海德先生的奇案 ： P81 故事内容：杰克白天是一名受人尊敬的医生，晚上服用一种药物，就变成无恶不作的坏人海德先生，最后药物失控，事情败露，自杀。 6.7） A Burnt-Out Case 病毒发尽的病例 ： 作者： Graham Greene P87 6.8) Wide Sargasso Sea 茫茫沧海 ：作者： Jean Rhys P90 Wide Sargasso Sea takes the story of Jane Eyre and re-tells it from the point of view of the first Mrs. Rochester. 茫茫沧海 是从简爱中 Rochester第一任妻子角度改写的故事。 6.9） The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长 ：作者： Thomas Hardy P93 Hardy sets most of his novels in Wessex a region of England 6.10) The Picture of Dorian Gray 道林 -格雷的肖像 ：作者： Oscar Wilde P94 6.11) The Old Man and the Sea 老人与海 ：作者： Ernest Hemingway P96 小说主题： It is a novel about the strength, endurance and cunning intelligence of one man pitted（反抗） against the forces of nature. 6.12） Great Expectations 远大前程 ：作者： Charles Dickens P98 小说主人翁： Pip, a poor orphan (孤儿 )，和 Magwitch, a convict（罪犯） 7. Non- Fiction 演说，散文 7.1） The Gettysburg Address 葛底斯堡演说 ： P104 演说者： Abraham Lincoln(林肯 ), 演说时间： Nov.19, 1863 演说目的： to reinforce(加强 )the principles of freedom for all for which the war is being fought. He urges his listeners to make sure that those who died in this great battle should not have died for nothing. 演说开头： Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers . 7.2) I Have a Dream 我有一个梦想 ： P109 演说者： Martin Luther King Jr(马丁 .路德 .金 ) 演说时间： Aug. 28, 1963 演说地点： at the Lincoln Memorial（林肯纪念堂） in Washing D.C. 演说开头： Five score years ago, a great American, . 7.3) Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence 庆祝印度独立演说 P112 演说者： Jawaharlal Nehru (尼赫鲁 ) 演说时间： August 14, 1947 7.4 Of Studies 论学习 ：作者； Francis Bacon （培根） P114 论学习中一些名句： Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Reading makes a full man； conference a ready man； and writing and exact man. Histories make men wise； poets witty； the mathematics subtile； natural philosophy deep； moral grave； logic and rhetoric able to contend. Bowling is good for the stone and reins； shooting for the lungs and breast； gentle walking for the stomach； riding for the head； and the like. 8. Poetry 诗歌 P118 Types of Poetry 诗歌种类： 8.1） Lyrical Peoms:抒情诗： to express strong emotional feelings 代表作： Rain 雨 P119 8.2） Narrative Poems:叙事诗： to tell a story 3 代表作： The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 一个老水手的故事 P119 作者： Samuel Taylor Coleridge 8.3） Elegies:挽诗： to commemorate (悼念 )someone who has died 代表作： Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone 钟停下来，电话线切断 作者： W.H. Auden P120 8.4） Confessional poetry: (自白诗 )： to explore the poets inner world and feelings. 代表作： The Dead Heart 一颗死心 : 作者： Anne Sexton 代表 作家 ： Robert Lowell, Allen Ginsberg, Sylvia Plath, John Berryman, Anne Sexton. 自白诗主题： revelations about sex, madness, hallucinations(幻想 )， drugs, suicide, outrageous feelingsand partly by the raw, direct way. 影响最大的两人： D.H. Lawrence 和 Walt Whitman (惠特曼 ) 的代表作 Leaves of Grass 草叶集 8.5） Poetry of Observation:观察诗： to describe in perceptive ways an object or person 代表作： Finding a Sheeps Skull 找到一个山羊头骨 作者： Frances Horovitz P123 8.6） Protest Poetry:抗议诗： to criticize or protest against something or someone代表作： Love Your Enemy 爱你的敌人 Relative Sadness相对悲伤 P124 8.7） Satirical Poetry:讽刺 /挖苦诗： to mock people or manners 代表作： How to Deal with the Press 怎样应对媒体 作者： Wendy Cope P124 8.8） Comic Poetry:喜剧诗： to amuse people and make them laugh. 代表作家： Edward Lear 和 Ogden Nash 代表作： There was an old man of Calcuttla 加尔格达有一位老人 A word to husbands 对丈夫说的话 P125 8.9） The Ballad 民谣： P126 格律： a b c b 代表作： The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 一个老水手的故事 The streets of Laredo Laredo 大街 8.10） The Sonnet 十四行诗 P127 Shakespearean 莎士比亚十四行诗格律： abab cdcd efef gg 8.11） Quatrain 四行诗 P127 Haiku 绯句： 3 lines, 三行分别有 5， 7， 5个 syllables （音节） 8.12） Cinquain： 五行诗 P128 代表作： Dancer , He is old , Parting . 五行诗五行分别有 2， 4， 6， 8， 2个 syllables （音节） 8.13） The Limerick 五行打油诗 : 格律： aabba P130 8.14) Visual Poetry 视觉诗 P130 代表作： 40-love （作者： George Herbert ） 和 The Wall 8.15) Free Verse 自由诗 P131 定义： It is not constrained by any of the usual formal discipline . It does not have to rhyme or obey rules of metre or line length. 代表诗人： D.H. Lawrence 8.16) 补充诗歌 The Charge of the Light Brigade P138 作者： Tennyson Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） Ballad of Reading Gaol 作者： Oscar Wilde P140 Wild Nights! Wild Nights! 作者： Emily Dickinson P141 Words 作者： Anne Sexton P141 Be Glad Your Nose is on Your Face 作者： Jack Prelutsky P142 The War Process 作者： Benjamin Zephaniah P143 Interruption to a Journey 作者： Norman MacCaig P143 The Owl 作者： Edward Thomas P144 Too Soon 作者： Mary Yarnall P144 Coat 作者： Vicki Feaver P145 Leisure 作者： W.H. Davies P146 The Wall 视觉诗 作者： Abdul Ghafar Ibrahim P146 9. Drama 戏剧 9.1) Comedy 喜剧 P149-152 代表作： The Importance of Being Earnest 诚实的重要性 作者： Oscar Wilde 主人翁： Lady Bracknell Jack Worthing 故事内容： It is about two young men getting engaged(订婚 ) to two young women. 9.2) Tragedy 悲剧 4 代表作： Macbeth 麦克白 P152 作者： William Shakespeare 主人翁： Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, 莎士比亚四大悲剧： Hamlet, King lear, Macbeth, Othello. 9.3) Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞剧 P154 代表作： The Dumb Waiter 升降机 作者： Harold Pinter诺贝尔文学奖 (2005)获得者 主人翁： Ben 和 Gus 故事内容： Two men are in the basement（地下室） of a house or restaurant. 戏剧 语言 :The language is very spare and brief, but it seems to have hidden meanings. 9.4) Theatre of Social Commentary 社会评论剧 P157 代表作： An Inspector Calls 巡官登门 作者： J.B. Priestley : a committed socialist （社会主义者） 戏剧主题： to show how hypocritical (虚伪 ) and uncaring (漠不关心 ) of the property-owning classes(资产阶级 )。 9.5） Historical Drama 历史剧 P159 代表作 : The Crucible 炼狱 作者： Arthur Miller 主人翁： Abigail, John Proctor, Elizabeth 戏剧主题： The play is set in New England at the end of 17th century. It concerns a real historical incident, involving withcraft(魔法 ) and an attack of mass hysteria(歇斯底里 )。 9.6） 补充戏剧 P164-173 In the Native State 作者： Tom Stoppard The Birthday Party 作者： Harold Pinter The Merchant作者： Arnold Wesker 5 请您删除一下内容， O( _ )O谢谢！ 2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄 After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin, The Sheraton, Sens on the Bund, and a sprinkling of other top-notch venues, Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 2010. Sort of. The Shanghai-born chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof- house at this Sinan Mansionsstalwart. Its certainly a responsibility to be the head chef, and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well, the 31-year-old tells Enjoy Shanghai. In hotels, for example, these jobs are strictly demarcated, so its a great opportunity to learn how a business operates across the board. It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for, and a vote of confi dence from a company that, to date, has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries. And for added pressure, the Shanghai branch was also CPKs China debut. For sure it was a big step, and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises, they decided to manage it directly to begin with, says Simpson. Two years ago a private franchisee took over the lease, but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong, with a mainland-based brand ambassador on hand to ensure the business adheres to its ethos of creating innovative, hearth-baked pizzas, a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype. They are very innovative, he says. The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings. Every one of our 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly. The largely local customer base evidently agrees and on Saturday and Sunday, at least, the place is teeming. The kids-eat-for-free policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw, as well as is the spacious second-fl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road. The company is also focusing on increasing brand recognition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week. Still, the sta are honest enough to admit that business could be better； as good, in fact, as in CPKs second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong. Sinan Mansions has really struggled to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened, and it hasnt been easy for any of the tenants here, adds Simpson. Were planning a third outlet in the city in 2015, and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic. The tearooms once frequented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai, Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats. One thing the century-old Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great taste in food, pastries in particular. One of the most popular tearooms in Paris, Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such as Chanel and writer Marcel Proust. Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience, efficient service, and beautiful, comforting desserts and flown them to Shanghai. At the flagship dine-in and take-out space in Shanghai, everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th century, in Paris, the height of Belle Epoque. The paintings on the wall, for example, are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape of southern France, the hometown of the owner； and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon for hot chocolate. The famous hot chocolate, known as LAfricain, is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa, blended in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai. Its sinfully sweet, rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whipped cream on the side makes a light, but equally gratifying contrast. It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway. The signature Mont-Blanc chestnut cake consists of three parts: the pureed chestnut on top, the vanilla cream like stuffing, and the meringue as base. Get all three layers in one scoop, not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness. The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century, even in a country like France, perhaps the worlds most competitive place for desserts. A much overlooked pairing, is the Paris-New York choux pastry and N226 chocolate flavored tea. The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecan-flavored whipped cream, while the tea, a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon, cocoa and rose petals, offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate. Ordering these two items, featuring a muted sweetness, makes it easier for you to fit into your little black dress. Breakfast, brunch, lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom, a hub of many cultures and takes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines, according to the management team. The semi-cooked foie gras terrine, is seductive and deceptive. Its generously served at the size and shape of a toast, while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney. The flavor, however, is honest: strong, smooth and sublime. And you dont actually need the toast for crunchiness. This is the season for high teas, with dainty cups of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites. But there is one high tea with a difference, and Pauline D. Loh finds out just exactly why it is special. Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break in-between intensive bouts of holiday season shopping. And for those who prefer savory to sweet, there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to satisfy and satiate. High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth, an in-between indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner, but sufficiently robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch. The afternoon tea special at Shang-Xi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has just the right elements. It is a pampering meal, with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself. Whole baby abalones are braised and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell, a sort of Chinese version of the Western vol-au-vent, but classier. Even classier is the dim sum staple shrimp dumpling or hargow, upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles. This is a master touch, and chef Simon Choi, who presides unchallenged at Shang-Xi, has scored a winner aga