核能与核安全解材料(汉英互译).doc

核能与核安全Nuclear energy and nuclear safety1、什么是核能核能是通过转化其质量从原子核释放的能量，是20世纪人类的一项伟大发现，并已取得了十分重要的成果。核能是人类最具希望的未来能源。人们开发核能的途径有两条：一是重元素的裂变，如铀的裂变；二是轻元素的聚变，如氘、氚、锂等。重元素的裂变技术，己得到实际性的应用；而轻元素聚变技术，也正在积极研制之中。可不论是铀，还是氘、氚，在海洋中都有相当巨大的储藏量。核反应可以通过各种各样粒子轰击来诱发。What is nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is released from the nucleus through the conversion of its quality, it is one of the greatest human discovered in 20th century, and has achieved important results. Nuclear energy is one of the most promising future energy。Ways of developing nuclear energy have two : one is the fission of heavy elements, such as the fission of uranium and the other is the fusion of light elements, such as deuterium, tritium, and so on.Fission of heavy elements techniques, have been practical application, And light elements in fusion technology, is also being actively developed . But whether it is uranium, or deuterium, tritium, are quite enormous reserves in the ocean .Nuclear reactions may be induced by bombardment with a wide variety of particles.2、核能的应用人类对核能的现实利用始于战争。核能的战争用途在于通过原子弹的巨大威力损坏敌方人员和物资, 达到制胜或结束战争的目的, 中国也有自己的核弹，氢弹，核潜艇。 Human reality uses of nuclear energy began in the war. War uses of nuclear energy is through the power of the atomic bomb damage to the enemy personnel and supplies to achieve the goal of winning or the end of the war, it also has its own nuclear bomb, hydrogen bomb, nuclear submarines. 目前人类对核能的开发利用主要是发展核电,相对与其他能源,核能具有明显的优势。 核电站的开发与建设开始于20世纪50年代.1954年，前苏联建成实验性核电站；1957年，美国也成功建成核电站。 20世纪60年开始,世界各国的经济得到了快速发展,电力需求也以十年翻一番的速度迅速增长。此时,核电的安全性和经济性得到验证,相对于常规发电系统的优越性鲜明地显现出来,给核电发展提供了一个广阔的市场。核电迅速实现了标准化、批量化的建设和发展。 The human development and utilization of nuclear energy is mainly developed nuclear power, relative to other forms of energy, nuclear energy has distinct advantages. Development and construction of nuclear power plant began in the 1950 of the 20th century.。In 1954, the former Soviet Union built an experimental nuclear power station ; in 1957, the United States had successfully built nuclear power plant. Beginning in 60 of 20th century, the rapid development of the economy in the world, demand for electricity in ten years to double the speed of rapid growth.At this point, the safety of nuclear power, and economics be verified, relative to the advantages of conventional power generation system clearly visible, provide a vast market for nuclear power development.Nuclear power rapidly implement standardized, mass - building and development.现在拥有核能发电的30个国家中，由核能供电的份额变化较大。从法国高达占78%，到比利时占54%、韩国占39%、瑞士占37%、日本占30%、美国占19%、南非占4%和中国占2%。 In the 30 countries that now have nuclear power generation from a larger share of nuclear power change. Up to 78 per cent from France, Belgium 54, South Korea 39, Switzerland 37, Japan 30, United States 19, South Africa 4 and China 2.此外放射治疗也是核能应用的一种。Besides radiotherapy is one of the applications of nuclear energy.3、大家对核能的顾虑我们普通人对核电站的认识基本偏向负面。人们担心的核电站容易发生最大的问题就是安全问题。事故条件下可能产生的辐射后果是其中的一个最关键因素。1986年苏联切尔诺贝利核电站事故，2011年的日本福岛核电站事故加剧了人们堆核电站的担心。Concerns of the members of nuclear energyWe ordinary people know the basic bias negative for nuclear power plants. Biggest problem is the concern that nuclear power plants vulnerable to security issues.Conditions likely to have radiological consequences of the accident was one of the most critical factor. The Soviet Union in 1986 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Japans Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in 2011, fuelling fears of a nuclear power plant.4、核能的优点核电是浓集、清洁、安全和经济的能源。首先，核能是高度浓集的能源，特别适合于缺乏常规能源而又急需用电的地区，不受燃料运输的限制。如我国的东南、华南地区。Advantages of nuclear energy. Nuclear power is concentrating, clean, safe and economical energy. First, nuclear energy is a high concentration of energy, especially suitable for lack of conventional energy sources and electricity - starved region, not limited by fuel for transport.As Chinas southeast, the South China region.同时核能是清洁的能源，有利于保护环境。核能发电不像化石燃料发电那样排放巨量的污染物质到大气中，因此核能发电不会造成空气污染，不会产生加重地球温室效应的二氧化碳。 Meanwhile, nuclear power is clean energy and to protect the environment. Nuclear power generation Unlike fossil fuel power plants that emit huge amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere, so nuclear power generation does not cause air pollution, without increasing the Earths greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide.而且核能经过几十年的发展和完善，核电站已成为最安全的部门之一。我国核工业30多年的安全记录就是良好的佐证。从第一座核电站建成以来，全世界投入运行的核电站达400多座，30多年来基本上是安全正常的。虽然有1979年美国三里岛核电站事故和1986年苏联切尔诺贝利核电站事故，但这两次事故都是由于人为因素造成的。而事故的直接原因是由于在进行某一试验时违反操作规程。日本大地震造成的福岛第一核电站泄漏事故再次引起全球的集体关注，由此核安全的问题再次进入人们的视野。福岛事故的最根本原因是东京电力公司因为经济原因在事故一开始时不愿意向堆芯注入海水所致，待到一周后再想注水时已经晚了，堆芯因为聚集了大量的热能和放射物最终引起了爆炸。 And after decades of development and improvement of nuclear energy, nuclear power plants has become one of the security sector. The safety record of Chinas nuclear industry for more than 30 years is a good example.Since first nuclear power station is built, more than 400 nuclear power plants in operation around the world, but they are basically safe and normal in more than 30 years。Although the Soviet Unions Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986 years, but the accident was caused by human factors. The direct cause of the accident was due to mishandling during a test.。Fukushimas first nuclear power station leak once again caught the eye of the worlds . The root cause of the accident was Tokyo Electric Power Company taking into account economic factors at the beginning of the accident,refused to pump water into the reactor core.Until a week later when tried to water the Core,but the time was late because gathered a large amount of heat and radiation eventually caused the explosion.核能也是经济的能源。由于燃料费和运输费较低，它的发电成本仍比火电约低30%，而且随着核电站的技术不断完善和提高，成本还将继续降低。核能发电的成本较不易受到国际经济情势影响，故发电成本较其他发电方法为稳定。Nuclear energy is the economical energy. Because the fuel cost and the transportation cost is low, the electricity cost is still cheaper about 30 percent than thermal power。As the technology is constantly improving and enhancing ,nuclear power plant will also continue to lower costs. And nuclear power generation cost less affected by international economic situation.例如：一座装机容量为100万KW 的燃煤电厂，每年要耗煤250万吨，所排放的废物有：二氧化碳650万吨，二氧化硫1.7万吨，氮氧化物4000吨，煤灰28万吨（其中含有毒重金属约400吨）。而同样规模的一座压水堆核电站，每年才消耗低浓铀25吨。 For example, a coal - fired power plants with installed capacity of 1 million kw, coal consumption is 2.5 million tons a year, the emissions from waste : 6.5 million tons of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, 17,000 tons, 4,000 tons of nitrogen oxides, 280,000 tons of coal ash ( of which about 400 tons of toxic heavy metals ).A nuclear power station of the same size, annual consumes 25 tons of low-enriched uranium.5、目前核能采取的安全措施现在的核电站主要采用纵深防御策略，第一层防御是燃料包壳，第二层防御是一回路压力边界，第三层防御是安全壳。按照确定轮和概率论的方法，核电站的个人风险为：每100年因反应堆事故死亡4人，远低于汽车交通事故，火灾事故，空难事故，龙卷风等。虽然对核设施产生的辐射照射对工作人员和周围居民的健康影响还存在一些争论，但一般而言，核设施在正常运行工况下的环境安全性已被人们所广泛接受。事实上，像核电站这样的大型设施，在正常运行工况下对周围公众产生的辐射远远低于天然的辐射水平。科学已证明，核电对公众健康的影响远远小于人们日常生活中所遇到的许多健康风险。The current nuclear security measures. Nuclear power plants now mainly uses a defense-in-depth strategy, the first layer of defense is the fuel cladding, the second layer of defense is a circuit Pressure boundary, the third layer of defense is containment.In accordance with the method for determining theory and probability theory, personal risks of nuclear power plants is : Every 100 years due to reactor accidents killed 4 people, far below the vehicle traffic accident, fire, air crash accident, the Tornados. Although arising from the nuclear facilities of the health effects of radiation on the staff and the surrounding residents there are still some debate, but generally speaking, the nuclear facilities in environmental security under normal operating conditions has been widely accepted by people.In fact, large facilities such as nuclear power stations, under normal operating conditions on the public around far lower than the natural background levels of radiation.Science has shown that nuclear power on the public health impact is far less than many health risks encountered in daily life.6结论就像“每个硬币都有正反两面”一样，核能的开发和利用给生态资源、环保护、社会生活以及经济发展带来巨大利益, 也对人类的安全和可持续发展形成潜在威胁, 我们应从可持续发展的角度对核能进行开发和利用，合理的发展核事业，为世界能源找到一条洁净的新出路。The conclusions. Its like, Every coin has two sides as the one hand :