边缘辅导十一 阅读理解.docx

边缘辅导十一阅读理解题型巧解题型设置：五篇阅读（四篇常规250到400词的短文加一篇七选五文章）；20个题目；每题3分，共计60分；40分钟内完成。阅读文体与题材：五种文体中至少体现三种（应用文一般在第一篇，说明文比重较大，记叙文第二容易文体，描述文与议论文考查较少）；阅读理解选材广泛、内容丰富，往往涉及到日常生活、人物传记、国内外风土人情、故事传说、社会文化、政治经济、历史、地理和科技、新闻报道、自然现象、体育活动、广告说明等方面，涉及中英美文化和传统。考查能力：第一、掌握阅读材料的主旨和大意；第二、理解用以阐述主旨的事实和细节；第3、 根据上下文判断大纲附表以外的某些词汇和短语的意义；第四、通过理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；第五、根据所阅读的材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申；第六、正确领会作者的观点和态度或者判断文章的标题、出处。备考导航：1. 提高阅读能力包括提高英语基本功和养成良好的阅读习惯。养成良好的阅读习惯首先要培养阅读兴趣，养成每天阅读的习惯。坚持长期阅读(每天至少2篇)是稳步提高阅读能力的保证。通过有计划有步骤的课外阅读，不仅能巩固课堂上所学的内容，而且会激发考生浓厚的学习英语的兴趣以及扩大考生的词汇量。2. 提高解题能力要做到：(1)有丰富的词汇、扎实的基础语法知识(包括构词法知识、句法分析能力等)；(2)要进行专项训练和限时训练； (3)要掌握一定的阅读技巧，如略读可帮助考生迅速理解文章的大意，跳读可帮助考生快速地查寻具体信息，精读则可帮助考生感悟文章的深层含义。3. 要做一定数量的综合训练题，熟练掌握各种题型的解题方法及技巧，提高自己分析问题、解决问题的能力，最终达到提高解题速度与准确率的目的。为达到此目的，应注意以下四个方面：(1)训练的重点应是中等难度的题目。(2)阅读时要特别重视实用性、趣味性、时尚性和灵活性，广泛阅读各类文体和题材的文章。(3)要规范阅读理解解题方式，也就是说要计时做题，训练做题的速度及准确性。(4)做阅读理解题的数量要适量，贵在做后的纠错、反思和总结，要弄明白自己错在哪里，不断总结做题的经验教训，学会分析试题的考查点和易错点，把握命题人的命题意图，这一点至关重要。4. 掌握一定的英语文化背景知识。文化背景知识包括英语国家的历史地理、文化传统、风俗习惯、生活方式、文学艺术和价值观念等。文化背景知识在阅读过程中起着很重要的作用。若缺乏相关的背景知识，阅读时就会出现困难。考生可以通过阅读外国文学作品，观赏精彩外国电影等途径来了解外国文化。题型解析：（常见五类）一、细节理解题 一般来说，阅读理解测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题，在文章中均可找到答案。注意其问题表述多用同义句形式。常见提问方式如下：1. 用what, where, which, why, how等疑问词进行提问。2. 用according to.开头，后接短文具体内容。3. 用动宾结构或介宾结构的提问方式。4. 在系动词(如is, are等)后填入表语。5. 以.because的提问方式。二、推理判断题英语考试大纲对阅读能力的要求中重要的一条是：根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申，领会作者的观点、意图和态度等。一般说来，推理判断题主要有：对细节的推理判断；对某个问题或某一部分的观点、态度的推理判断；对作者在整篇文章中的态度、观点和写作意图的推理判断等。推断题正确选项特点：概括性、委婉性、同意替换、正话反说、反话正说。推断题干扰项特点：无中生有、过于绝对、张冠李戴、偷换概念、因果倒置、正反混淆、照抄原文、主观臆断、推理过度。常见的提问方式有：1. The sentence/passage/paragraph infers that. 2. We can learn from the sentence/paragraph/passage that.3. The sentence/paragraph/passage implies that. 4. By saying., the author means.5. What can we infer from the. paragraph? 6. At the end of the passage the writer suggests that.7. In the last paragraph, the writer thinks that it is.8. From the second example we can infer that. 9. It can be concluded/inferred from the passage that.三、主旨大意题主旨大意题的目的是考查对短文整体理解概括的能力。一般的文章，尤其是说明文和议论文，往往有主题句表明中心思想，主题句通常在短文的开始或结尾，少数出现在文中，了解这一点，主旨大意题往往会迎刃而解。有的文章，记述某个人物或事件，往往没有主题句，要靠综合分析推理才能得出文章主旨，需要细心阅读。主旨大意题常见的提问方式有：1. What is the main idea of the passage? 2. What is the main subject of this passage?3. What is the main topic of this passage? 4. The author is mainly concerned with_.5. What does the passage mainly discuss? 6. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?7. The passage is mainly about_. 8. Which of the following sentences best describes the writers main idea?四、词义猜测题是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的意思。在阅读理解中要求判断词语意思的题目，通常有下列几种形式：1. According to the author, the word “.” means_. 2. The word “.” can best be replaced by _.3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “.”?4. The underlined word “.” in the passage means_. 5. The underlined word “.” most likely means_.五、观点态度题题目中一般都会用到the authors attitude或者attitude 的近义词来进行表述。但是有的时候考查的不是作者的观点态度，而是文中某个人的观点态度，此时都会有according to, in the eyes of 等字样，考生应当加以区分。观点态度题的词语选项一般可以分为以下几种：积极的：positive (肯定的, 积极的), optimistic (乐观的), useful (有用的, 有益的), admiring (赞赏的, 钦佩的), instructive (有益的, 教育性的), enthusiastic (热心的, 热情的), supportive (支持的), approval (赞成,同意), approving (满意的)消极的：negative (否定的, 消极的), pessimistic (悲观的, 厌世的), disappointed (失望的), frustrated (失败的, 挫折的), critical (批评的，批判的), questioning (质疑的), doubtful (可疑的), dissatisfied (不满意的), biased (有偏见的), suspicious (怀疑的), oppose (反对), opposition (反对), worried (担忧的), depressed (沮丧的) 客观的：objective (客观的), impartial (公平的, 不偏不倚的), detached (超然的，不偏不倚的),impersonal (非个人的,客观的)解题注意：正确答案的特征：正确答案经常与中心思想有关。正确答案的位置，最常见三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。正确答案常运用原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。从语气角度来看，正确答案中常含不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如can,may,might,possible,not necessarily,some.正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。错误答案的特征：第一大层次：无中生有（未提及的概念）；正反混淆（选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反）；所答非所问（虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边）第二大层次：过分绝对； 扩大范围（注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly）；因果倒置；常识判断； 推得过远； 偏离中心；变换词性。典题演练：（一） Surfingthe art of riding a wave on a pointed boardis the wildest, fastest natural water sport known to man. In recent years, it has developed into a major sport around the world, from Australia to South Africa. Australians brave(挑战) meneating sharks to ride the green waves Down Under, Hawaiian experts risk(冒之险) their lives on huge, thirty foot swells(浪涛) against the wind of Oahu; Californians of all ages go out the year-round. In the winter, surf-riders put on life-suits to ride grave waves so cold that their flesh turns blue.Surfing is no sport for weak persons. Swimming a quarter of a mile or more, and pushing a surfboard out to where the swells are just right for riding, can be real work. Then, at exactly the right moment, you climb up the wave and go fast across the face of a powerful swell with the white water jumping at your feet. The huge wave bites at your shoulder, threatening(威胁) at any moment to smash your flat. In the next several seconds, a cool head and lightningquick action back to the pressure of the attacking wave will bring your board under control for that great ride down the back of the great, green mountain of water. Once on the beach, you know why surfing is growing in popularity as an international sport, and youre glad to be a member of this new water world.1. The first paragraph mainly tells us _.A. people around the world go surfing all the year round B. the definition(定义) of the sportC. how to surf in the sea D. where to surf around the world2. The author believes that surfing _.A. is not an easy sport B. can be done by anyone C. should be done by everyone D. does not require courage3. In order to experience what real surfing is, _.A. you must first swim a quarter of a mile to warm your body B. you will first ride on a board to reach the swellsC. you must first put on your life-suits before doing surfing D. you must first swim to the swells with your board（二）Olaf Stapledon wrote a book called First and Last Men, in which he looked millions of years ahead. He told of different men and of strange civilizations(文明), broken up by long “dark ages” in between. In his view, what is called the present time is no more than a moment in human history and we are just the First Men. In 2,000 million years from now there will be the Eighteenth or Last Men.However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred? The next thousand? The next million? Thats much more difficult.When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? Yet to men of 50,000 years from now, we may seem as primitive(原始的) in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that we simply cant think of.So why bother even to try imagining life far in the future? Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are compared with the whole human history, we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are. If we make the earth a poor place to live because we are careless or greedy(贪婪) or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.Second, by trying to escape from present interests and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves. For example, if we imagine that in the future men may give up farming, we can think of trying it now. So set you imagination free when you think about the future.1. A particular mention made of Stapledons book in the opening paragraph _.A. serves as a description of human history B. serves an introduction to the discussionC. shows a disagreement of views D. shows the popularity of the book2. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that _.A. human history is extremely long B. life has changed a great dealC. it is useless to plan for the next 50 years D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future3. Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to _.A. tools used in farming B. ideas about modern lifeC. unknown things in the future D. hunting skills in the Stone Age4. according to the writer of the text, imagining the future will _.A. serve the interests of the present and future generations B. enable us to better understand human historyC. help us to improve farming D. make life worth living（三）“American dream? What a lie!” This comment(评论) was made by a Cuban teenage girl. She was attending a huge protest(抗议) in Havana, Cuba, against American immigration laws last Tuesday.Tens of thousands of people, including Cubas President, Fidel Castro, took part in the protest to remember 30 missing Cubans, including 13 children. Their boat was lost in the Florida Straits after setting out from Cuba on November 17. It is one of the worst accidents involving(牵扯到) Cubans being smuggled(偷渡) into the US. Fourteen people died in the sinking of a smugglers boat in 1998, and about 40 people died in 1994 when a tugboat sank near Havana. Castro believes that the “Cuban Adjustment Act” is responsible for the 30 people disappearing.This 1996 law gives special allowances to Cuban immigrants who reach US land by whatever means. It gives them residents status(居民身份) and chances to work. It is very different from the US policy to immigrants from other countries. Because it encourages illegal immigration and these types of accidents, some called it “the murderous law”.The US uses the so-called “dry foot, wet foot” rule. Those found at sea are sent back to Cuba. But those who set foot on US soil are generally allowed to stay. Castro said that the law encourages Cubans to undertake dangerous sea journeys with the hope of living in the US.The immigration policy of the US has caused many problems between the US and Cuban. The two countries plan to meet next month to discuss immigration issues.1. Who is Fidel Castro?A. He