重大艺术学院研究生专业英语翻译——园林设计.doc

Basic Principles of Landscape DesignLandscaping combines elements of art and science to create a functional, aesthetically pleasing extension of indoor living to the outdoors. One initial purpose of landscape design is to blend mans technology (house or building) into the natural surroundings. To work toward a desirable landscape design, the landscape horticulturist must have a working knowledge of art elements and design principles. This publication is intended for the commercial landscaper with little or no training in the use of these basic principles. This publication is not a complete landscape design text. 景观设计的基本原则,景观设计是艺术和科学的结合，美观的室内设计能够延伸到室外。一开始景观设计的目的是将人工环境和自然环境相融合。朝着理想的景观设计，景观设计师必须具备实践知识，才能做到有目的的设计。这篇文章的目的是为很少或根本不用这些基本原则的职业景观设计师。这篇文章不是从分描述景观设计的文章。ELEMENTS OF ARTElements of art include but are not limited to color, line, form, texture and scale. These elements are never independent of each other, but we will discuss their individual natures before considering the interactions. 艺术的元素,包括但不限于色彩,线条、形式、纹理和规模。这些元素从来不是相互独立的,但我们将讨论各自的性质,然后再考虑之间的相互作用。Color variation can best be explained by use of a color wheel ( Figure 1 ). Primary colors are red, blue and yellow. Orange, green and violet are called secondary colors because they are combinations of two primary colors. For example, yellow and red are combined to yield orange. Tertiary colors are the fusion of one primary and one secondary color. These colors would be between primary and secondary colors. 颜色变化最好的解释是使用色环。原色是红色,蓝色和黄色的。橙色、绿色、紫色被称为间色,因为他们是两种原色组合而成。例如,黄色和红色组合产生橙色。副色是混合原色和间色产生。这些颜色实在原色和间色之间。 Figure 1.Tint refers to a light value and is accomplished by adding white to the pure color on the color wheel, while shade is a dark value and is created by adding black to the pure color on the color wheel. Black, white and grey are neutrals and are compatible with any color. Light colors and tints tend to attract attention as do bright, vivid colors. 色调是指亮度并通过在色环上的纯色加入白色完成，同时创建暗面是在色环上纯色加入黑色。黑，白，灰是中间色可以让其他颜色柔和协调。亮的颜色和色调往往可以让颜色变得明亮，生动，吸引人注意力。Colors are combined into color schemes for practical applications. Three basic color schemes are monochromatic, analogous and complementary. A monochromatic color scheme consists of different tints and shades of one color and is seldom achieved in its pure form in the landscape. An example of an incomplete monochromatic color scheme would include white and pink flowers with a background of a dark pink and red brick house. 颜色组合成颜色适合实际应用。三种色彩运用方案。单色，相似色和互补色。单色是由包不用深浅的色调和一个颜色组成并很少直接将纯色运用到景观设计中去。例如一个不完整的单色方案，将包括白色和粉红色花以深粉色和红色砖房为背景。Analogous color schemes combine colors which are adjacent or side-by-side on the color wheel. An analogous color scheme could include green, blue-green, green-blue, blue and violet blue. This color scheme could be achieved by varying the foliage color from green to blue-green or by using pyracantha with orange-red berries against a red brick house. 相似色是色环上邻近和紧挨着的颜色。相似色可以包括绿，蓝绿，绿蓝，蓝和紫蓝。这种颜色方案可以实现不同叶子从绿到蓝绿或运用火棘的橘红叶子与红砖房相对应。Complementary color schemes combine colors directly across the color wheel. For example, red and green would be complementary colors. A complementary color scheme may be achieved by using plants with green foliage against a red brick house. 色环上相对应的颜色叫互补色。如，红色和绿色是互补色。互补色的颜色方案可以通过运用绿色植物的叶子与红砖墙成对应。It is possible to have varying color schemes in one area of the landscape as the seasons change. White and pink azaleas flowers can yield a monochromatic color scheme with a red brick house. The green azalea foliage would produce a complementary color for the red brick during the summer. Pyracantha berries would be an analogous color to the red brick in the fall. The landscape designer should consider the color changes throughout the year when developing a landscape plan. 随着季节变化，一个地方可能要不同的设计方案。白色和粉色的杜鹃花与红砖房产生了单色的色彩方案。在夏天，绿色的杜鹃叶子和红砖房产生互补色的色彩方案。秋天，火棘叶子与红砖房可以产生相似色的色彩方案。景观设计师必须考虑一年四季中颜色的变化来制作景观设计方案。Colors can be used to visually change distance perspective. Warm colors and light tints like red, orange, yellow and white advance an object or area toward the observer. These colors and tints placed near the foundation of a house would make the house appear closer to the street. Cool colors and deep shades like blue, green and black recede and can be used to make the house appear farther from the street. Cool colors are restful while warm colors express action and are best used in filtered light or against a green or dark background. 颜色可以改变距离的透视。暖色与亮色象红色、橙色、黄色和白色能推进物体或者让地方接近观察者。这些颜色和色块放置在房子的地基会使房子显得更接近街道。冷色和深色调像蓝色,绿色和黑色退去,可以用来使房子显得远离街道，冷色是一种安静而表达运动的温暖的颜色。最好用于过滤光或对一个绿色的或黑暗的背景里。Color can be used to direct attention in the landscape. Due to this strong characteristic, color should be used carefully. When color is used for this purpose, consideration must be given to year-round color not just to seasonal color. Consideration may also be given to the time of day when this color will be enjoyed. White or light tints could be used to create interest on a patio. Dark colors would add little to family enjoyment of this area as the daylight hours passed.在景观中颜色用来吸引人的注意力。由于这个重要的特点，但表达一种目的时，颜色的运用必须仔细。必须思考运用一整年的颜色而不仅仅是季节性的颜色。思考这种颜色也可能带给一天某个时间好的享受。在中庭，白色和亮色可以营造一个视觉中心。在夜晚，深色可以增加一点家庭温馨的感觉。Line is related to eye movement or flow. The concept and creation of line depends upon the purpose of the design and existing patterns. In the overall landscape, line is inferred by bed arrangement and the way these beds fit or flow together ( Figure 2 ). Line is also created vertically by changes in plant height and the height of tree and shrub canopies. Line in a small area such as an entrance or privacy garden is created by branching habits of plants, arrangement of leaves and/or sequence of plant materials. 线条与眼睛的移动和跟随有关。线条的概念和创造性依赖于设计的目的和现有的图案。在整体景观中，由线条推理出设计场地和方式，这些场地适应与相互一起协调。线条也可以建造垂直的变化在株高，树木的高和灌木的高度。线条在小空间中，比如，入口或花园的隐秘处，安排用排列整齐的有枝叶的植物。 Figure 2 Figure 3.Straight lines tend to be forceful, structural and stable and direct the observers eye to a point faster than curved lines. Curved or free-flowing lines are sometimes described as smooth, graceful or gentle and create a relaxing, progressive, moving and natural feeling. 直线往往是有力,结构稳定且直接进入观察者的眼睛的一个点的速度比弯线要快速。弯曲或自然流畅的线条有时称为流顺,优雅或温柔,营造了一个轻松、活泼、动感和自然的感觉。Form and line are closely related. Line is considered usually in terms of the outline or edge of objects, whereas form is more encompassing这句看不懂. The concept of form is related also to the size of an object or area. Form can be discussed in terms of individual plant growth habits or as the planting arrangement in a landscape.形式与线条是密切相关的。线条通常被认为是物体的边缘和轮廓。形式是整体感。形式的概念也与物体的大小和空间相关。形式的可以从植物的独立生长和景观中植物的种植进行讨论。Plant forms include upright, oval, columnar, spreading, broad spreading, weeping, etc. ( Figure 3 ). Form is basically the shape and structure of a plant or mass of plants. Structures also have form and should be considered as such when designing the area around them. 植物的形式包括垂直向上，卵形，柱形，伸展的，广泛的，散状的，等。形式是以形状和植物的结构以及植物的质量作为基础。也有小品形式应考虑整体空间的设计。Texture describes the surface quality of an object than can be seen or felt. Surfaces in the landscape includes buildings, walks, patios, groundcovers and plants. The texture of plants differs as the relationships between the leaves, twigs and branches differ ( Figure 4 ). Coarse, medium or fine could be used to describe texture but so could smooth, rough, glossy or dull. 肌理描述物体