可数名词和不可数名词.docx

l Unit 1 Nouns and Noun Phrasesl 1.1 kinds of nounsl word formation构词法: Simple简单名词, compound复合名词 and derivative nouns派生名词 l lexical meaning词汇意义: Proper专有名词 and common nouns普通名词 Proper nouns专有名词: France, Madrid, Tom Common nouns普通名词分为四大类： l 1. collective noun 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。 eg: family, team, cattle, policel 2. individual noun 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。 eg. boy, house, tiger, insectl 3. abstract nouns 抽象名词：表示抽象的概念。 eg: glory, honesty, failure, education l 4. material noun 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。 eg: water, air, bread, ricel and grammatical form语法意义: Countable nouns, uncountable nouns and nouns that can be countable and uncountablel 1.2 function of nouns l 1. The subject of verb: Tom arrived.l 2. 作补语 The complement of the subject be, become, seem: Tom is an actor. The complement of the object call: We call her Miss Wangl 3. 作宾语 The object of a verb: I saw Tom. The object of a preposition :I spoke to Tom.l 4. 作同位语: The small desks and chairs are for us students.l 5. A noun can also be in the possessive case: Toms books.l 6. 称呼语 Helen, open the door.l 7. 作副词 She was late three times this week.l 2. Number of Nouns (名词的数)l 英语可数名词有单数(singular)和复数(plural)两种形式, 表示一个人或事物用单数形式, 表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。 名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化, 如: a pen, a bed, a room, an English book。 l 名词复数形式有着规则的(Regular plurals)与不规则的(Irregular plurals)变化形式，以及复合名词(compound nouns) 特殊的变化形式。l 2.1 Regular pluralsl 1.The plural of a noun usually by adding s to the singular: day-days, dog-dogs, house-houses “ -s” is pronounced /s/ after a p, k or f sound. Otherwise it is pronounced /z/. When -s is placed after -ce, -ge,-se,or -ze an extra syllable(/IZ/) is added to the spoken word. l 2.Nouns ending in o, s, -ch, -sh, -ss, or -x form their plural by adding -es: tomato-tomatoes, brush-brushes, box-boxes, church-churches, class-classesl when es is placed after -ch, -sh, -ss or -x an extra syllable(/IZ/)is added to the spoken word. And after o, -es is pronounced /Z/.l Notes:l 1. 如果词尾的ch发k音，要加-s, e.g. monarch君主, stomach, patriarch族长, epochl 2. 但是有些以字母o结尾的外来词或缩写词的复数形式只加-s，如果o前面的是元音字母，也只加-s。e.g.: alto男高音， folio对开纸, cuckoo, radio, bambool 3. Nouns ending in y following a consonant（辅音） form their plural by dropping the -y and adding -ies: baby-babies, country-countries, lady-ladies, fly-flies (例外: stand-bys)l Nouns ending in y following a vowel（元音） form their plural by adding s: boy-boys, daydays, donkey-donkeys(词尾为quy时，变y为i再加-es，如soliloquy, colloquyl 4. 14 nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves. These nouns are calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, shelf, thief, wife, wolf, elf, housewife loaf-loaves, wife-wives, wolf-wolves etc. scarf, wharf, staff, dwarf, handkerchief, hoof, 可以加-s或-ves. Other words ending in f or fe add s in the ordinary way: cliff-cliffs, safe-safes l 2.2 Irregular pluralsl 1. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change改变元音: foot-feet, mouse-mice, woman-women, goose-geese, man-men, tooth-teeth The plurals of child and ox are children, oxen.l 2. Some nouns do not change in the plural: deer-deer, sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, 直接从汉语译音的名词一般无复数，但要用斜体，e.g.: li, dan, mu, renminbi, yuan, liang l 3. Certain words are always plural: clothes, trousers, barracks, series, species, etc.l 4. Collective nouns ,crew, family, team, etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit: Our team is the best. or plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals: Our team are wearing their new jerseys（运动衫).l 5. crisis类，将-sis换成-ses，如thesis, analysis, diagnosis; l datum类，将-tum换成-ta ，如stratum, medium; l criterion类，将-on换成-a ，如 phenomenon; l plateau类，将-u换成-ux，如adieu; l nucleus类，将-us换成-i ，如cactus, focus, fungus l 2.3 Compound nounsl 1. Normally the last word is made plural: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural: men drivers, women doctorsl 2. The first word is made plural with compounds formed of verb+ er nouns + adverbs: hangers-on（奉迎者）, lookers-on, runners-up（亚军队） and with compounds composed of noun + preposition + noun: ladies-in-waiting（侍女）, sisters-in-law, l 2.4 Nouns that can be countable and uncountablel advice(劝告)-advices(通知)l green(绿色)-greens(青菜)l air(空气)-airs(神气)l good(好事)-goods(货物)l arm(手臂)-arms(武器)l iron(铁)-irons(镣铐)l brain(脑)-brains(智力)l look(看)-looks(外表)l Authority（权威)-authorities(当局)l pain(疼痛)-pains(努力) l cloth(布)-clothes(衣服) l paper(纸)-papers(文件)l condition(情况)-conditions(条件)l regard(尊敬)-regards(问候)l content(内容)-contents(目录)l time(时间)-times(时代)l custom(风俗)-customs(海关)l water(水)-waters(水域)l force(力量)-forces(军队)l work(工作)-works(作品)l glass(玻璃)-glasses(眼镜) l 2.5 Number forms of proper nounsl Proper nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no plural forms, except for such proper names as the United States, the Philipines, the Netherlands, etc which are themselves plural in form. l When a proper noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun, eg: Have you invited the Browns ? There are two Miss Smiths / Misses Smith in our class.l 3. Partitives单位词l Partitives, also called unit nouns, are commonly used to denote a part of a whole整体的一部分 or the quantity of an undifferentiated mass未分化物质的数量. Both count and noncount nouns can enter partitive constructions单位词结构. With plural count nouns, partitive constructions can denote the idea of a group, a pack, etc. With noncount nouns, such constructions can achieve countability. l 1) General partitives一般表示个数的单位词l a piece of advicel a bit of troublel an item of newsl an article of furniturel several pieces of breadl three items of newsl 2) Partitives related to the shape of things表示形状的单位词l a cake of soap一块肥皂 l a bar of chocolatel two ears穗of cornl ten head of cattle / cabbagel 要表示“牛”的头数，可借助 head(头)这个词。如：ten head of cattle(10头牛)，forty head of cattle(40头牛)等，这些表达中的 head of 也可省略，即可说 ten cattle, forty cattle等，但是我们通常不说 one cattle, 而应说成 one head of cattle, 因为cattle 是一个表复数意义的集合名词。同时应注意：以上各例中的head(头)是一个单复数同形的名词，所以没用 heads 这样的形式。 l 3) Partitives related to volume表示容积的单位词l a bottle of ink / oill two bowls of ricel several pails of waterl a glass of beerl 4) Partitives related to the state of action表示动作状态的单位词l The use of these partitives is limited to certain set phrases, eg: a fit突然发作, 一阵of anger / coughing / laughter / fever a peal隆隆声of applause / laughter / thunder a flash一瞬间of hope / light / lightning a display表现of courage / force / power / skill / fireworksl 5) Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc表示成双、成组、成群的单位词l a pair of shoes / scissors/trousersl a flock (禽、畜等的)群of birds / chickens / sheep / goatsl a herd牧群of elephants / cattlel a swarm蜂群, 一大群of bees / flies / animals / peoplel a troupe一群一伙或一群of actorsl a gang(一)伙, (一)群of hooligans小流氓/ criminalsl a pack一群of lies / cards / thievesl a bench of judgesl 4. Genitive名词属格l CASE格 is a grammatical category. It denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a sentence. 4.1 genitive 4.2 of + noun 4.3 independent genitive 4.4 double genitive l 4.1 Genitivel 4.1.1 Formation, l 4.1.2 meanings l 4.1.3 and uses of genitive nouns l 4.1.1 Formation of genitive nounsl Rules of formation are as follows:l a) The genitive is formed in writing by adding s to singular nouns and to those plural nouns that do not end in -s, eg:l my mothers arrivall womens clothesl b) Plural nouns ending in s takes an apostrophe撇号 as a genitive marker, eg: the girls dormitory a teachers collegel c) In compound nouns复合名词 or a postmodified noun phrase有后置限定词的名词词组, the genitive ending is added to the end of the compound or to the end of the noun phrase, eg:l my mother-in-laws deathl an hour and a halfs talkl somebody elses opinionl the University of Minnesotas studentl d) In coordinate nouns并列名词, the genitive ending is added to each of the coordinate elements when denoting respective possession, and only to the last coordinate element when denoting common possession. Compare: Marys and Bobs books Mary and Bob s booksl e) In the construction of noun phrase + appositive同位语, the genitive ending is added to the end of the appositive. It can also be added both to the end of the noun phrase and to the appositive. Basel the booksellers Basels, the booksellersl 4.1.2 Meanings of genitive nounsl The genitive is chiefly used to denote “possession”, and therefore, is traditionally called “possessive case所有格. But genitive meanings are by no means restricted to possession. They can be summed up as follows:l a) Possessive genitive表示所有关系, eg: Mr Brown s suitcase has been taken upstairs. Taiwan is part of Chinas territory.l b) Subjective genitive表示主谓关系, eg: The Prime Ministers arrival was reported in the morning paper. Everybody was pleased at Davids quick recovery from illness.l c) Objective genitive表示动宾关系, eg: The enemys defeat brought the war to an end. The criminals punishment will be ten years in prison.l d) Genitive of origin表示来源, eg: I havent received my sisters letter yet. Newtons law was developed in the 17th century.l e) Descriptive genitive表示类别, eg: I first met her on a summers day. This workshop makes mens shoes.l f) Genitive of time, distance, measure, value, etc表示时间、度量、价值等, eg: two hours delay 300 kilometres distance five dollars worth of stamps 50 kilograms weightl 4.1.3 Uses of genitive nounsl Genitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners中位限定词 and therefore perform the same function as “possessive determiners物主限定词“ (traditionally called possessive pronouns), eg:l the boys father = his fatherl the womans husband = her husbandl the students essays = their essaysl the prime ministers arrival = his / her arrivall the criminals punishment = his / her punishmentl Marys letter = her letterl the strangers story = his storyl As central determiner中位限定词, genitive nouns cant collocate with other central determiners, nor can they be preceded by a premodifier前置限定词. For instance, we can say Marys letter, but not a Marys letter; we can say Marys interesting letter instead of interesting Marys letter. l This, however, does not apply to some other genitive nouns such as the descriptive genitive表示类别的属格 and the genitive that denotes time, distance, value or measure表示时间、距离、价值、度量的属格. These genitive nouns are not used as determiners but as premodifiers in the noun phrase, eg: a children s book these childrens books an interesting children s some other new childrens books the newly published childrens book a / another three days journey a pleasant three days journey another very boring three days journeyl 4.2 of + noun 所有格的用法l 1、用于无生命的东西 e.g. the rocket of the space shuttle l 2、用于名词化的形容词 eg. the happiness of the old l 3、 名词的修饰语较多时 eg. the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat.l As central determiner, genitive nouns are sometimes interchangeable with of-phrases, eg:l Possessive genitive： Chinas foreign policy = the foreign policy of China an elephants trunk = the trunk of an elephantl Subjective genitive： the prime ministers arrival = arrival of the prime ministerl Objective genitive: the criminals punishment = punishment of the criminall Genitive of origin: Newtons law = the law of Newton Shakespeares tragedies = the tragedies of Shakespearel But in some cases, we can only use genitive nouns instead of of-phrases, eg: 1) childrens pictoriall mens clothing 2) at swords points剑拔弩张l a hairs breadth间不容发l a wolf in sheeps clothingl a birds-eye view鸟瞰l at a stones throw一箭之遥l In some other cases, however, we can only use of-phrases instead of genitive nouns, eg: 1) the opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago the suggestions of those present at the meeting 2) the income of the rich the struggle of the exploited（被剥削者） 3) the City of Romel 4.3 Independent genitive独立属格l 1 ) Independent genitive is used: l a) when the missing noun has occurred somewhere in the context and can be easily retrieved: Her memory is like an elephants. Marys is the largest apartment in the building.l b) when the missing noun refers to somebodys house or residence: Im going to dine at my brothers. The doctors is on the other side of the street.l c) when the missing noun refers to church, school, or other public buildings: Joe lives near St. Pauls (Cathedral) in London. He was educated at Merchant Taylors (school).l d) when the missing noun refers to commercial firms: Pickled vegetables are available at the grocers. Chinese toys are sold both at Smiths and at Browns.l 4.4 Double genitive双重属格 He is a friend of my fathers. = He is one of my fathers friends. This is a painting of my roommates. = This is one of the paintings owned by my roommate. She is a business client of Sir Rogers. = She is one of Sir Rogers business clients.l From the above examples, we can see that the independent genitive独立属格 in the of-phrase must be definite specific personal reference确定特指的，一般指人. l Semantically, a double genitive is different from an ordinary of-phrase. Compare:l He is a