猪哥哥阅读理解上课素材.doc

The medicinal herb helps a cough.Students are encouraged to be independent thinkers.Applicants for this company are required to be good at English and computer skills. 泛读百篇不如精读一篇。阅读理解不在于数量，在于质量。考研阅读学习方法宏观：论题 情感 逻辑理清（阅读要分清主次，有抓有放）有些段落可忽略不读，有些句子可忽略不读，有些句子内的结构（修饰限定）可忽略不读中观：语法句法搞懂 长难句微观：词意用法掌握 Usage词汇一词多性，一词多义词组/固定搭配词的引申义熟词僻义Observe, address v. Deal with, cope with, handle, tackle, Solve, resolve控告，起诉Accuse, charge, sue, indictBe indicted for1. 论题：反复，总结，观点2. 情感：褒贬，是非，取舍3. 逻辑：因果，对比，转折1、 主题句细节句原则topic sentence大段引言说明 supporting details具体范例论证繁琐数据支撑（论据）组织机构简介人物身份介绍引言、范例、数据表明 论点2、 中心统一原则：文章以及段落都是由主题句和细节句构成的。主题句表明段落或篇章的中心，细节句是为主题句而服务的。即，主题句指明段落及文章的方向，细节句则是支撑主题的具体事例，引语，统计， 比喻或者实验。因此，把握文章的中心思想无须透彻理解整个段落，段落中的主题句即可指明方向，确定主题。同时，文章中首段除外的其他段落含义与首段相同。即，文章首段要利用“主题句细节句原则”准 确确定主题句；其他段落，段落中间句前有转折词看转折词所在句，无转折词直接看段首句。同时，其他 段落确定段落内容的语句中的词汇都与首段主题词有关。正确答案和主题一致3、方位论原则：阅读理解采用IRT命题理论，RT理论即项目反应理论(Item Response Theory, IRT)，又称题目反应理论、潜在特质理论。（即文章中符合考研大纲的句子作为命题的切入点及出题的要点。）因此，阅读理解的每一道题在文章中对应的是相关信息句，不是段落，更不是篇章。定位段 到 定位句一般来说，包含定位句以外信息的选项都是干扰项。由于阅读理解命题方向及侧重点有很大差异，因此不同题型的题目在文章对应段落中所体现的句子有所不同，即体现不同的方位。一般来说，文章的中心思想，作者的观点 态度，以及作者的言外之意这三种题型的指向为文章中或者段落中的主题句；而文章中的具体细节和文章中的词汇含义则指向文章中的细节句。（1）主旨大意题：根据文章中心思想或作者的态度语调做出提问的题目。题干中标志词一般会有title, entitle, idea, mainly+passage, purpose, tone, attitude等。 解题要点：利用各段主题句便可以准确进行判断并确定文章的主旨或作者的态度和语调；或者四步法原则中第一步（中心统一原则）所确定的首段主题句和其他段落转折词所在句或者段首句的动作内容，进而确 定文章主旨题正确答案。（2）事实细节题：根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问的题目。题干一般围绕5Ws和1H而展开。即，who, what, when, where, why, 和how。解题要点：（3）论点例证题：根据文章具体的事例推测该事例所证明的段落主题。标志词show, explain, prove, illustrate, demonstrate, justify等。提问的方式为：表明了什么？目的是什么？借助该例子在谈论什么？解题要点：将题干中的具体事例回归原文定位，在例子之外准确划定例子对应的论点句，利用论点确定案。（4）词义句义题：根据文章中的生词、短语或短句做出提问并判断其含义的问题。题干中一般会用引号 引出需要识别的词汇、短语或句子。解题要点：将需识别的词汇、短语或句子回归对应段落所在的句子，利用逻辑关系词（解释说明意义的that is; 冒号，破折号等；或定语从句及同位语从句；逻辑关系的and, but,或者分号；或者平行结构，即用已知找未知）准确确定相关信息句，便可以准确进行判断并确定识词题的正确答案。（5）推理判断题：根据文章中的段落信息做出提问并且推断作者言外之意的问题。题干中一般没有文章 内的具体信息，所有的工作是凭借自己的推断得出正确的答案。Infer, suggest, imply, indicate, conclude, learn, deduce解题要点：利用对应段落中的主题句便可以准确进行判断并确定推断题的正确答案。（6）观点态度题：特别强调，这里提及的观点态度指的是作者的观点态度，属于主旨大义题范畴。但是，作者的观点态度一般出现在尾段的主题句中。Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.1. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that _. Ahe is fairly familiar with the cost of advertisingBeverybody knows well that advertising is money consumingCadvertising costs money like everything elseDit is worthwhile to spend money on advertising2. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?A Securing greater fame. B Providing more jobs.C Enhancing living standands D Reducing newspaper cost.3. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is _. Avery precise in passing his judgment on advertisingBinterested in nothing but the buyers attentionCcorrect in telling the difference between persuasion and informationDobviously partial in his views on advertising4.In the authors opinion, .A advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing informationBadvertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them overCthere is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyerDthe buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 3Its a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might - surprise! - fall off. The label on a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user tofly.”3.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary - the dangers of drug interactions, for example - and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.4.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “Were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute - a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight - issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.1. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?ACustomers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.BInjured customers could expect protection from the legal system. CCompanies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.DJuries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.Ease, alleviate2. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to _. Asatisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsBbecome honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsCmake the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityDfeel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern3.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that _.Asome injury claims were no longer supported by law Bhelmets were not designed to prevent injuriesCproduct labels would eventually be discardedDsome sports games might lose popularity with athletes4. The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be _.Abiased Bindifferent Cpuzzling DobjectiveSubjectiveInject, eject, project, reject, object, subjectJect:throw ReverseText 51.Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.2.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.3.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each days events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.4.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.5.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. 6.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isnt rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.7.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.biodiversity1.What is the passage mainly about?ANeeds of the readers all over the worldBCauses of the public disappointment about newspapersCOrigins of the declining newspaper industryDAims of a journalism credibility project2.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be _. Aquite trustworthy Bsomewhat contradictory Cvery illuminating Drather superficial3.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _.Aworking attitude Bconventional lifestyleCworld outlook values, world viewsDeducational background4.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its _. A failure to realize its real problemB tendency to hire annoying reportersC likeliness to do inaccurate reportingDprejudice in matters of race and genderText 101.Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education - not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find.Invade, evade, pervade A. Intellect,intellectual,intellectualismB. Practical, Practical education, anti-intellectualism2.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.3.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”4.“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.A. Intellect,intellectual,intellectualism, anything you could learn from a book, book learningB. Practical, Practical education, anti-intellectualism, Practicality5.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized - going to school and learning to read - so he can preserve his innate goodness.超验主义(transcendentalism)的核心观点是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，强调直觉的重要性。认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影-世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水（爱默生语）6.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.7.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our countrys educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”1.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school? A The habit of thinking independently.B Profound knowledge of the world. C Practical abilities for future career.DThe confidence in intellectual pursuits.2.We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of_.Aundervaluing intellect Bfavoring intellectualismCsupporting school reform Dsuppressing native intelligence3.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are_.Aidentical Bsimilar C complementary DoppositeComplement, complimentIndentify ID -ly -fy4.Emerson, according to the text, is probably_.Aa pioneer of education reform Ban opponent of intellectualismCa scholar in favor of intellect Dan advocate of regular schoolingOpponent，advocate5.What does the author think of intellect?AIt is second to intelligence. BIt evolves from common sense. CIt is to be pursued. DIt underlies power.2014 Text 21.All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.2.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.3.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves todays average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.4.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.