皇家园林中外翻译.doc

Walking into a Chinese garden, one cannot help but be enchanted by its unique oriental flavor. In contrast with natural scenery, the beauty of Chinese gardens lies in their combining culture and art into one.走进中国园林，你会不由自主地被其独特的东方韵味施以魔法。在与自然景观的对比中，中国园林的美在于其以文化和艺术融为一体。In ancient china, from the emperor down to any of the rich, they without exception all took pride in the ownership of a garden in their living space. In the garden one could hold court, entertain guests, hunt, play games, read, play chess, drink tea, chant verses, recite poetry or paint, and over the years a rich garden culture was gradually formed.在中国古代，从皇帝到任何的富人，他们无一例外都以他们的生活空间园林的所有权而自豪。在花园里可以开庭，招待客人，打猎，玩游戏，看书，下棋，喝茶，唱诗，朗诵诗歌或绘画，多年以来丰富的园林文化逐渐形成。The art of the Chinese garden emphasizes the portrayal of a mood, so that the hills, waters, plants, and buildings as well as their spatial relationship are not just a mere materialistic environment but also evoke a spiritual atmosphere. The builder of the garden, through symbolism and allegories, the search for a poetic mood, the gathering of relics from all over, and the building of temples, streets and even taverns, strives to reach a realm that is natural yet elegant, combining the art of the garden with classical Chinese literature, painting and theater, where in the true essence of traditional culture lies.中国园林的艺术强调一种心情的写照，所以山，水，植物，建筑以及它们的空间关系不仅仅是物质环境，也唤醒了一种精神氛围。花园的建设者通过象征和比喻，对诗的意境理解，从各地收集文物，寺庙的建筑，街道甚至酒馆，力求达到自然而优雅的境界，与中国古典文学的园林艺术相结合，绘画和戏剧，在那里在传统文化的真谛得到体现。Northern imperial gardens and southern private gardens are two major types of classic Chinese gardens.北方皇家园林和江南私家园林是中国古典园林的两种主要类型。The northern region is quite different from the south in terms of natural conditions, economic development and culture. As the north is low in temperature in winter times, vegetation, due to the climate, is rarely evergreen. In winter, except for a few types of pines and cypresses, most trees and bushes have nothing left but bare branches. And even in spring and summer, there is not such a variety of trees and flowers as in the south. The northern economy, whether in agricultural production or in urban commerce and trading, was also not as developed as that of the south, and up until the ming and qing dynasties, grains and daily supplies were mostly shipped from the south through the grand canal. However, most dynasties have set up their political center in the north, especially Beijing. So a large number of imperial gardens were built, they were places where the feudal royalty could handled state affairs, retreated from the hot summer and enjoyed tours. 北方地区的自然条件、经济发展和文化南方完全不同。北方在冬季的时候温度低，植被由于气候，很少常绿。在冬季，除少数种类的松树和柏树，大多数树木和灌木，什么树叶都没有，留下了赤裸的树枝。甚至在春天和夏天，在南方没有这样的树木花卉。北方的经济，无论是在农业生产和城市商业和贸易，都和南方不一样，直到明清时期，粮食和日用品大多通过运河运往南方。然而大多数朝代都在北方建立自己的政治中心，尤其是北京。所以建造了大量的皇家园林，他们是地方的封建王权处理国家事务，在炎热的夏天避暑，享受旅游的地方。Both types of gardens feature man-made landscapes and serve the function of entertainment and rest, but due to the differences between the life contents of their owners, they also differ in functions. Private gardens typically belong to government officials, merchants and scholars, so they have the places for residing, receiving guests, reading and entertaining. In imperial gardens, in addition to these functions, temples for emperors to worship ancestors and Buddha are also indispensable parts of the garden. For imperial gardens that also serve as temporary headquarters away from forbidden city, so the imperial court area for emperors to hold court is added. Besides, in terms of entertaining area, the big opera tower, the shopping street, the pavilion or terrace for watching fireworks are not available in private gardens. They took up large areas of space and were equipped and decorated very lavishly. The building of these gardens required large amounts of human labor and heavy investments. And the construction of imperial gardens absorbed or adopted the building techniques from all over the country because imperial construction inevitably concentrated the best techniques and men of talents.两种园林的特征都有人造景观、为娱乐和休息而服务的功能，但由于它们的主人生活内容之间的差异，也有不同的功能。私家园林通常属于政府官员，商人和学者，让他们有地方居住，接待客人，阅读和娱乐。皇家园林除了这些功能，也是为皇帝祭祀祖先和佛教寺庙园林中不可缺少的组成部分。皇家园林也可作为离开紫禁城的临时总部，所以为皇帝上朝朝廷添加了区域。此外私家园林不允许建娱乐区，大戏楼，购物街，凉亭或在阳台看烟花。他们占用了大面积的空间区域，都装饰的非常华丽。这些园林需要大量的人力和大量建设投资。皇家园林建筑吸收和采用了来自全国各地的建筑技术，帝国的建设也不可避免的集中了最好的技术和人才。The emperors in the qing dynasty had a special liking for the garden life where the natural mountains and hills and waters could be so close to them. The imperial garden in the qing dynasty was the last climax of imperial garden development in history, which began in the reign of kangxi (1662-1722) and reached its heyday in the time of Qianlong (1736-1799)清朝的皇帝都特别喜欢花园里的生活，喜欢接近自然的山山水。清代的御花园是御花园在历史发展的最后一个高潮，开始于康熙统治时期（1662-1722）在乾隆时期达到鼎盛。（1736-1799）Both emperor kangxi and emperor Qianlong had been in position for more than sixty years, when the economy was good and the society was in peace. So they had many opportunities to tour around the country and to enjoy the beautiful sceneries across the country. Many places in the imperial gardens could be found their prototypes in southern china.康熙、乾隆皇帝都曾在位六十年以上，期间经济良好社会和平。所以他们有机会周游全国，在全国享受美丽的风景。在皇家园林的许多地方可以在华南找到他们的原型。In the late 1600s, there were three great figures in world history. They were kangxi in china, louis xiv in France and Peter in Russia. They were all ambitious and intelligent monarchies of the same age. Mean while, all of the three demonstrated great interests in garden construction.在17世纪末，在世界历史上有三个伟大的人物。他们是中国的康熙，法国的路易十四和俄国的彼得。他们是同时代极富雄心和智慧的君主。同时，三个人在园林建设上也有巨大的贡献。In the 16th year of emperor kangxi*s reign (1678), the qing rulers started the regular inspection tours to the north of the great wall and the military training. These activities that usually took place in autumn gradually became traditions of the qing dynasty. Along the way from Beijing to north china, resorts and villas were built, the largest of those being the mountainous summer resort in chengde. The construction took 87 years starting from the 42nd year of kangxi*reign (1704) and was completed in the 55th year of Qianlong (1790). It is a combination of architectural styles of the han, the Mongolian and the Tibetan people, with a combination of various religious architecture. In addition, the scenery varies by region, with the lake areas portraying the exquisite charm of the river villages of south china, the hills areas showing the unconstrained and rugged beauty of mountainous west china, and the flatland area showing a unique lush style north of the great wall. It is the largest imperial garden outside Beijing. In 1994, the mountainous summer resort in chengde was added in the world cultural heritage list by unesco.在康熙皇帝统治的第十六年（1678），清朝统治者开始定期巡视长城以北的军事训练。秋季的这些活动逐渐成为清王朝的传统。一路从北京到北中国，建立了度假村和别墅，最大的是承德避暑山庄。建设历时87年，从康熙在位第四十二年（1704）动工，在乾隆第五十五年完成（1790）。这是一个结合汉代建筑、蒙古族和藏族人民宗教的建筑。此外，风景因地而异，湖地区与中国南部村落的精致有不一样的魅力，丘陵地区相较平原地区展示着不规则的崎岖的中国之美，呈现了长城北部郁郁葱葱的独特风格。这是北京以外最大的皇家园林。1994，承德避暑山庄被添加进了联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产名单。Emperor kangxi gave a ming dynasty private garden to his fourth son, prince yong, who later became the emperor yongzheng, and named it the garden of perfect splendor. During his 13 years of reign, emperor yongzheng spent most of his time in the garden, and he expanded the garden into an imperial abode with 28scenic spots. the garden of perfect splendor became another important imperial resort in the northwest outskirts of Beijing.康熙皇帝把一个明朝的私家花园给了他的第四个儿子，永王，后来叫做雍正，并把它命名为圆明园。在他统治的13年，雍正花了他大部分时间在这座园林里，他扩大了园林并成为了一个拥有28处景点的皇家住所。在北京西北郊外的圆明园成为了另一个重要的帝国度假村。In 1735, the fourth emperor of the qing dynasty-emperor Qianlong-ascended the throne and under his reign, china once again enjoyed a period of economic prosperity. Emperor Qianlong, who has a deep understanding of han culture, was deeply impressed by the mountains, rivers and famous gardens that he visited during his six inspection tours of china*s richest areas in the south.1735，清朝统治的第四代皇帝乾隆即位，在他的统治下中国再次进入经济繁荣时期。乾隆对汉文化有深刻的理解。在他六次巡视中国富裕的南部地区时对一些山脉，河流和著名的园林留下了深刻的印象。He still used his father*s imperial garden-the garden of perfect splendor as his imperial resort and further expanded the garden on the base of 28 scenic spots, and by 1744, the number of scenic spots reached 120. in 1751, Qianlong built the everlasting spring garden on the east and the yichun garden on the southeast of the garden of perfect splendor, and then incorporated these three gardens into one. The garden of perfect splendor evolved into the largest imperial garden in the city. The style of it focuses on all of the best architecture and combines the natural and man-made scenes in the south of china and all of the country. It has a high fame in the history of making gardens in the world and is “the best one of all gardens”. The well-known French writer victor hugo once commented, “collecting all the treasures from our churches and the final collection still could not be compared with this luxurious and magnificent architecture”. The British royal architect perth zhang considered the garden “a lovely architectural complex consisting of the most beautiful and pleasant things in the world”.他仍然用他父亲的御花园圆明园作为帝国度假村，并在28大景区的基础上扩建，在1744年景点的数量达到了120。1751年，乾隆在圆明园东部建立长春园，南边建立了绮春（万春）园，然后将这些三园统一为一。圆明园完美辉煌发展成为全北京最大的皇家园林。它将在中国南部所有最好的建筑和全国所有自然的和人造景观结合，形成独特的风格。它在世界园林史上享有较高的声誉，是“万园之园”。著名的法国作家维克多雨果曾经评论，我们把欧洲所有大教堂的财宝加在一起，也比不上这座了不起的富丽堂皇的博物馆。英国皇家建筑师珀斯张认为圆明园”一个可爱的建筑群组成了世界上最美丽的和令人愉快的事物”。维克多雨果：给巴特勒上尉复信（泣血圆明园）先生：您征求我对远征中国的意见。您认为这次远征是体面的，出色的。多谢您对我的想法予以重视。在您看来，打着维多利亚女王和拿破仑皇帝双重旗号对中国的远征，是由法国和英国共同分享的光荣，而您想知道，我对英法的这个胜利会给予多少赞誉。既然您想了解我的看法，那就请往下读吧：在世界的某个角落，有一个世界奇迹。这个奇迹叫圆明园。艺术有两个来源，一是理想，理想产生欧洲艺术；一是幻想，幻想产生东方艺术。圆明园在幻想艺术中的地位就如同巴特农神庙在理想艺术中的地位。一个几乎是超人的民族的想象力所能产生的成就尽在于此。和巴特农神庙不一样，这不是一件稀有的、独一无二的作品；这是幻想的某种规模巨大的典范，如果幻想能有一个典范的话。请您想象有一座言语无法形容的建筑，某种恍若月宫的建筑，这就是圆明园。请您用大理石，用玉石，用青铜，用瓷器建造一个梦，用雪松做它的屋架，给它上上下下缀满宝石，披上绸缎，这儿盖神殿，那儿建后宫，造城楼，里面放上神像，放上异兽，饰以琉璃，饰以珐琅，饰以黄金，施以脂粉，请同是诗人的建筑师建造一千零一夜的一千零一个梦，再添上一座座花园，一方方水池，一眼眼喷泉，加上成群的天鹅、朱鹭和孔雀，总而言之，请您假设人类幻想的某种令人眼花缭乱的洞府，其外貌是神庙、是宫殿，其实是一个世间独一无二的奇迹，那就是这座名园。为了创建圆明园，曾经耗费了两代人的长期劳动。这座大得犹如一座城市的建筑物是世世代代的结晶。为谁而建?为了各国人民。因为，岁月创造的一切都是属于人类的。过去的艺术家、诗人、哲学家都知道圆明园；伏尔泰就谈起过圆明园。人们常说：希腊有巴特农神庙，埃及有金字塔，罗马有斗兽场，巴黎有圣母院，而东方有圆明园。要是说，大家没有看见过它，但大家梦见过它。这是某种令人惊骇而不知名的杰作，在不可名状的晨曦中依稀可见。宛如在欧洲文明的地平线上瞥见的亚洲文明的剪影。这个奇迹已经消失了。有一天，两个来自欧洲的强盗闯进了圆明园。一个强盗洗劫财物，另一个强盗放火。似乎得胜之后，便可以动手行窃了。他们对圆明园进行了大规模的劫掠，赃物由两个胜利者均分。我们看到，这整个事件还与额尔金的名字有关，这名字又使人不能不忆起巴特农神庙。从前他们对巴特农神庙怎么干，现在对圆明园也怎么干，不同的只是干得更彻底，更漂亮，以至于荡然无存。我们把欧洲所有大教堂的财宝加在一起，也许还抵不上东方这座了不起的富丽堂皇的博物馆。那儿不仅仅有艺术珍品，还有大堆的金银制品。丰功伟绩!收获巨大!两个胜利者，一个塞满了腰包，这是看得见的，另一个装满了箱箧。他们手挽手，笑嘻嘻地回到欧洲。这就是这两个强盗的故事。额尔金父子是著名的英国殖民主义者。小额尔金曾任英国驻加拿大总督，1860年10月，英法联军火烧圆明园的罪魁之一。老额尔金曾任外交官员，参加毁坏希腊雅典巴特农神庙的行动，并掠走该神庙的精美大理石雕像。）我们欧洲人是文明人，中国人在我们眼中是野蛮人。这就是文明对野蛮所干的事情。将受到历史制裁的这两个强盗，一个叫法兰西，另一个叫英吉利。不过，我要抗议，感谢您给了我这样一个抗议的机会。治人者的罪行不是治于人者的过错；政府有时会是强盗，而人民永远也不会是强盗。法兰西帝国吞下了这次胜利的一半赃物，今天，帝国居然还天真地以为自己就是真正的物主，把圆明园富丽堂皇的破烂拿来展出。我希望有朝一日，解放了的干干净净的法兰西会把这份战利品归还给被掠夺的中国，那才是真正的物主。现在，我证实，发生了一次偷窃，有两名窃贼。尊敬的巴特勒先生，以上就是我对远征中国的全部赞誉。维克多雨果1861年11月25日于高城居After the expansion of the garden of perfect splendor was completed, Qianlong wrote an article, which while giving a description of the beauty and magnificence of the imperial garden, demanded that his descendants stop building more gardens for the sake of saving financial and human resources. But not long after that, he forgot what he said and set about the construction of the garden of clear ripples-the predecessor of the summer palace. the garden of clear ripples was built on the site where the longevity hill and the Kunming lake are located. The lake had been for years a reservoir that supplied water to the city from the northwest outskirts. So besides the reason of celebrating the birthday of his mother, emperor Qianlong also stressed that the project could expand the lake and dredge up the water-supplying tunnel. But the truth lying behind was that this experienced and knowledgeable emperor who had a liking for garden construction was not content with either the fragrant hills garden that did not have a lake or the garden of perfect splendor that was built on flat land without hills. The longevity hill area turned out to be a perfect place to build a garden as this place had mountains as well as water. Beginning from 1750, supervised by Qianlong himself, the garden of clear ripples was finished in 1764 after 14 years* construction, the last imperial garden built in Chinese history.在圆明园的扩建完成后乾隆写了一篇文章，虽然描述御了园林的美丽和壮观，但是也因节省财力和人力资源的缘故，要求他的后代停止建造更多的园林。但不很久以后，他忘了他自己所说的，开始建设颐和园的前身清漪园。清漪园建立在万寿山和昆明湖边，昆明湖位于城市西北郊区，是多年的城市水库。除了庆祝母亲生日的原因，乾隆还强调该项目可以扩大湖泊疏浚供水隧道。但事实上，这位见多识广的皇帝有对于园林建设有自己的理解，不喜欢香山园林没有湖的不完美，或是建立在平坦的土地，没有山丘。万寿山地区变成了一个皇家园林，这里有好山也有好水。从1750开始乾隆亲自监督，清漪园在14年*施工后于1764完成，成为了中国历史上最后的皇家园林。However, this magnificent and splendid royal garden only remained intact for 109 years. In 1860, the British and French allied troops invaded Beijing. They sent people to set fire in every palace and burnt down the garden of perfect splendor, the garden of clear ripples, the jing yi garden in the fragrant hills. So many magnificent imperial gardens reflecting the highest achievements in Chinese gardening, and a huge unrivalled garden zone formed after hundreds of years* operation and management were destroyed and burnt into ruins within a period of less than twenty days.然而，这绚丽灿烂的皇家园林只保留了109年。1860，英法联军入侵北京。他们派人将圆明园、清漪园、香山的静宜园、玉泉山附近的靖明园的每个宫殿放火焚毁。一个巨大的无与伦比的、体现中国园林的最高成就和许多宏伟的皇家园林在数百年的经营管理后，在不到二十天内被烧毁成为了废墟。After the looting, the qing government once ordered the rebuilding of the garden of perfect splendor, but failed because of the lack of fiscal resources and the disagreements from the court officials. Later, empress dowager cixi, who was actually in power, embezzled the fund of the imperial navy and other funds to restore the garden of clear ripples in full scale as her summer palace for old age. In 1888, the emperor proclaimed to rename “the garden of clear ripples” as “summer palace”. In 1900, the eight nation*s allied troops invaded into Beijing, the invaders had garrisoned in the summer palace for more than one year, during which the precious relics were looted and the structures were destroyed. Due to the frequent damage and the decline of national power of the qing dynasty, the weak qing government had no strength to protect the garden any more.在这次浩劫后，清政府曾下令重建圆明园，但是由于财政不足和朝廷官员的原因而搁浅。后来，慈溪太后掌权，贪污了帝国海军和其他基金为清漪园全面恢复为颐和园。1888，皇帝宣布改名“清漪园”为“颐和园”。1900，八国的联军入侵北京，入侵者进驻颐和园一年多，其间的珍贵文物被洗劫一空，建筑结构被破坏。由于频繁的损坏和清朝国力下降，软弱的清政府无力保护皇家园林。Among all gardens, the damage upon the garden of perfect splendor was the most severe and devastating. Now the garden is opened to the public as the park of ruins of the garden of perfect splendor.在所有的园林中，圆明园的损伤最为严重，直至毁灭。现在圆明园遗址公园向公众开放。The summer palace was the only renovated garden among all imperial gardens. For the past 50 years, the struc