研究生英语课后翻译_翻译Microsoft_Word_文档.doc

UNIT one The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, well be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in; others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities). Those that cant survive either because people lose interest or get scared off will simply wither away.翻译：一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来，它们将渐渐萎缩消亡。Unit two Once the problem is understood, improvement comes naturally. Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands wont listen to or report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in womens relationships. But if their husbands dont adapt, the women may still be comforted that for men, this is not a failure of intimacy. Accepting the difference, the wives may look to their friends or family for that kind of talk. And husbands who cant provide it shouldnt feel their wives have made unreasonable demands. Some couples will still decide to divorce, but at least their decisions will be based on realistic expectations.翻译：一旦问题得到理解，情况自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣的女性会高兴地发现，她们的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后，正努力地在适应。如果丈夫不适应，妻子仍然能够得到安慰，因为她知道，对男人来说，这不是不亲密的表现。当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后，便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说话。那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫，也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。仍然会有一些夫妻决定离婚，但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。Unit three1When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. 翻译：在形成的初期，地球上很可能没有我们今天称之为海洋和大气层之类的东西。2 Between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago, portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to qualify as what we call “life”.翻译：在20亿到30亿年前期间，一部分地球表面的水在太阳能的作用下，形成了结构复杂的化合物，这些化合物灵活多变，足以形成我们称之为“生命”的东西。3 The entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions).翻译：整个星球是一种由无机部分和各种各样的有机生命构成的生命形式 (正如我们自己身体那样，既是由各种各样的有机部分构成，又是由骨骼中的无机晶体和血液中的无机水分所构成)。4 In the same way, on a planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire forest may not threaten Earths life in general, but it will produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and, therefore, in the details of geological structure. 翻译：同样，从全地球的规模考虑，砍掉一整片森林不会在总体上对地球生命构成威胁，但是这样做会对该地区的生态形式造成严重的影响，甚至会造成水的流失，因此引起地质结构的细微变化。5 Barring interference from outside, the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it. 翻译：如果排除外界的干扰，食肉动物和被吃动物都保持一个适当的数量，这样对双方都有好处。 6 The present rate of increase of Earths swarming human population qualifies Homo sapiens as an ecological cancer, which will destroy the ecology just as surely as any ordinary cancer would destroy an organism.翻译：目前世界人口的急剧增长率使人类可以被称为生态恶性肿瘤。这种恶性肿瘤肯定会摧毁生态环境，正如普通的癌细胞会摧毁人的肌体一样。Unit four1 The flow of novelties in vocabulary, in idiom, even in pronunciation, is now overwhelmingly eastward. We seldom borrow an English word or phrase any more, though we used to borrow many; but the English take in our inventions almost as fast as we can launch them. The American movie, I suppose, is largely responsible for this change, but there are unquestionably deeper causes too. English is still a bit tight, a bit stiff, more than a little artificial. But American has gone on developing with almost Elizabethan prodigality. All the processes of word-formation that were in operation in Shakespeares England are still in operation here, and they produce a steady stream of neologisms that he would have relished as joyfully as he relished the novelties actually produced in his time.翻译：新词汇、新习语、甚至新发音都以无法抗拒的势力源源不断传入东方。从前我们常常借用很多英语词或短语，但现在很少这样做。但英语却吸纳我们创造的词，我们创造有多快，其吸纳的速度几乎就有多快。我认为，美国电影固然对这一变化起了很大作用，但毫无疑问，还有更深刻的原因。英语依然有点太严格、有点僵硬，且过于矫揉造作。而美语的发展却像伊丽莎白时代一样繁荣。所有那些在英国莎士比亚时代应用的构词方法，现在依然在美国应用着，新词源源不断地产生。如果莎翁健在，这些新词一定会使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的时代产生的新词曾使他欣喜若狂一样。Unit five1 Its goal is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of thingsfrom subnuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living organisms, the human social community, and thence to the cosmos as a whole.翻译：其目的是弄清世界的运行机制，寻求其间可能存在的规律，洞察事物之间的联系从构成一切物质的亚核粒子，到生物有机体，人类社会群体，以至整个宇宙。2Every culture has posed such questions in one way or another. Almost always the proposed answers are in the nature of “Just So Stories”, attempted explanations divorced from experiment, or even from careful comparative observations.翻译：世界上每一文化群体都以这样或那样的方式提出过这些问题。所提供的答案几乎都带有“就这么回事”的性质，而试图做的解释总是脱离实验，甚至没有经过细心的比较观察。3 To penetrate into the heart of the thingeven a little thing, a blade of grass, as Walt Whitman saidis to experience a kind of exhilaration that, it may be, only human beings of all the beings on this planet can feel. 翻译：要透彻地领悟一件事物，哪怕是一桩小事比如惠特曼所说的一片草叶，也会经历一种喜悦，这种喜悦，在整个世界的所有生灵中只有人类才能感受到。4And sometimes we hear pronouncements from scientists who confidently state that everything worth knowing will soon be knownor even is already knownand who paint pictures of a Dionysian or Polynesian age in which the zest for intellectual discovery has withered, to be replaced by a kind of subdued languor, the lotus-eaters drinking fermented coconut milk or some other mild hallucinogen.翻译：有时我们听到一些科学家发表的宣言，他们充满信心地宣称，每一件值得弄清的事物将很快会为大家所知，或者说有些已经众所周知。他们描绘的是狄奥尼修斯和波利尼西亚时代的图画，在这些画中，人们对知识探索的热情已经衰退，取而代之的是一种被征服的怠惰，成了饮用发酵椰子汁和其他一些温和迷幻剂的安逸度日者。5 If we could shrink ourselves into this crystalline world, we could see rank upon rank of atoms in an ordered array, a regularly alternating structuresodium, chlorine, sodium chlorine, specifying the sheet of atoms we are standing on and all the sheets above us and below us.翻译：如果我们可以缩小身体进入这个水晶的世界，我们可以看见一排排原子形成有序的点阵，呈一种有规律的交替结构钠原子、氯原子、氯化钠原子，这些点阵结构详细地勾画出我们所站的这一层原子以及在我们头上、头下的所有原子层的示意图。Unit six1 Jake was thinking about this freedom of his so much that when he glimpsed the green light he just went ahead and stared bye-bye to the steadily employed. When he turned his head the same direction his windshield faced, it was maybe one second too late. He pounced on the brake pedal and steered the front wheels away from the tiny brake-lights but the smack was unavoidable. Just one second sooner and it would only have been close. One second more and hed be crawling up the Toyotas trunk. As it was, it seemed like only a harmless smack, much less solid than the one against his back bumper.翻译：杰克正想入非非时，瞥见绿灯亮了，他只顾开动汽车，盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人，以示再见。当他扭过头来，面对前方时，已经晚了一秒钟。他猛地一下踩住刹车，调转方向，以避免撞上前面那辆车上小小的刹车红灯，但还是砰然一声撞上了。如果他动作再快一秒钟，也许只会离这辆车很近，不会撞上。而如果再晚一秒钟，他的车就会爬上这辆丰田车的行李箱。实际上，他好像没有把前面的车撞坏，而后面的车撞上了他车后部的保险杠，那一撞却严重多了。Unit seven1On the same day my car broke down (again), my refrigerator conked out and I learned that I needed root canal work in my right rear tooth. 翻译：有一天我突然意识到在我日常生活中熵逐渐占了上风。就在这同一天，我的车又坏了， 电冰箱不制冷了；而且我还得知我的右后臼齿牙根管需要镶补。2 If we were suddenly to see the paint jump back on an old building, we would know that something was wrong. If we saw an egg unscramble itself and jump back into its shell, we would laugh in the same way we laugh at a movie run backward.翻译：如果我们突然看到油漆又跃回旧楼房的墙面，我们准会感到有问题。如果我们看到一个鸡蛋自己拼凑在一起又跳回蛋壳，我们准会开怀大笑，就像看一组倒放的电影镜头那样。3 It is easy to see entropy in marriages, when the partners are too preoccupied to patch small things up, almost guaranteeing that they will fall apart. 翻译：婚姻中很容易出现熵，当伴侣们过于忙于自己的事而忽视了弥补小小裂痕时，几乎可以肯定他们的婚姻要破裂。4 The chances that it will wander in the direction of my refrigerator at any point are exactly 50-50. The chances that it will wander away from my refrigerator are also 50-50. But take billions of warm and cold molecules mixed together, and the chances that all the cold ones will wander toward the refrigerator and all the warm ones will wander away from it are virtually nil. 翻译：这个分子在任何一点上朝冰箱方向运动的概率都正好是50；它朝背离冰箱方向运动的概率也是50。但是如果数十亿个冷热空气分子混合在一起，那么所有冷空气分子朝冰箱方向运动，同时所有热空气分子背离冰箱运动的概率实际上是零。5 If there were only a dozen or so air molecules in my kitchen, it would be likelyif I waited a year or sothat at some point the six coldest ones would congregate inside the freezer. But the more factors in the equationthe more players in the gamethe less likely it is that their paths will coincide in an orderly way. 翻译：如果在厨房里只有十几个的空气分子，那么我等上一年左右，或许在某个时刻6个最冷的分子会聚集在冰箱里。但是，这一等式中的变量越多、参加这一游戏的角色越多，那么他们的路径井然有序地相互吻合的可能性就越小。Unit eight1 The first wave involved tangible products“hardware”, as opposed to the computer programs that constitute software. In the 1960s and 1970s companies in the Santa Clara Valley, between San Jose and San Francisco, produced silicon memory chips for computersthus the name Silicon Valley. Then they produced silicon logic chips, which direct a computers operation. Then many produced computers as well.翻译：第一次浪潮涉及有形产品硬件，它与构成软件的计算机程序相对而言。本世纪六七十年代，圣何塞和旧金山地带的圣克拉拉谷的一些公司为计算机生产出存储器硅芯片，于是便有了“硅谷”的名字。2 The second wave of wealth creation involved software “application” software that people use for work or recreation, like word-processing programs or computer games, and “systems”software used to run business or,very often computer networks thenselves.翻译：财富形成的第二次浪潮涉及软件包括人们用于工作或娱乐的“应用”软件，就像文字处理程序或者计算机游戏之类，以及用于管理业务和计算机网络自身运行的“系统”软件。3 But both the hardware and the software revolutions were, in their wealth-creating effects, slow to emerge compared to what is underway now because of the Internet. Less than ten years ago, Tim Berners-Lee, a British physicist working at the research center CERN in Geneva, invented a scheme for linking data on a particular subject, or series of subjects, that were stored on different computers in different places.翻译：但是无论是硬件革命还是软件革命，与现在因特网上所发生的情况相比，其财富创造的影响力都显得非常缓慢。短短数年之前，在日内瓦CERN研究中心工作的英国物理学家Tim BernersLee 发明了一种方案，用以连接与某一主题或一系列主题相关的数据，这些数据贮存在各地各种不同的计算机内。4The online auction site e-Bay is also profitable, because it charges a commission each time buyers and sellers conclude a deal on its site. But most of todays Internet companies have substantial short-term losses, which stock market investors typically assume will turn into profits in some never-quite-arriving “Year Three” of the business plan.翻译：e-Bay网点的在线拍卖同样有利可图，因为它每拍卖一次都要向买卖双方收取一定的佣金。但是如今大多数国际互联网公司都承受着重大的短期损失，证券市场投资者通常认为这种损失会在商业计划里某个似乎永远不会到来的“第三年”中转为盈利。5 Thin as these rationales for profitability may ultimately prove to be, so far theyve been sufficient to make many people very rich. Virtually all of this wealth consists of tech-company stock, and ten years from now some or much of it may have melted away. 翻译：尽管上述这些获利的基本模式最终将证明是站不住脚的，但到目前为之，它们却足以使很多人十分富有。实际上所有这些财富都是由技术公司股组成的，在今后10年中，其中的一些股份或大多数股份会逐渐散失。补：Unit 11The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is. It might help to leave behind metaphors of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate.翻译：首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻，把信息空间看作一个巨大的庄园。2But before using regulations to counter indecency it is fundamental to interpret the nature of cyberspace. 翻译：但是，在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前，关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。3What makes cyberspace so alluring is precisely the way in which its different from shopping malls, television, highways and other terrestrial jurisdictions.翻译：信息空间之所以具有如此大的诱惑力，正是因为它不同于商场、电视、公路或地球上的其他地方。4Cyberspace communities evolve just the way terrestrial communities do: people with like-minded interests band together. 翻译：信息空间里群体的演变过程正如陆地社会团体的演变过程，即情趣相投的人们聚在一起。5Whats unique about cyberspace is that it allows communities of any size and kind to flourish; in cyberspace, communities are chosen by the users, not forced on them by accidents of geography.翻译：信息空间的独特之处在于允许任何规模、任何种类的团体发展繁荣。在信息空间，用户自愿参加任何团体，而不是因为地理位置的巧合而被迫参加某个团体。6This freedom gives the rules that preside in cyberspace a moral authority that rules in terrestrial environments dont have.翻译：这种自由赋予主宰信息空间的准则一种道义上的权威，这种权威是地球空间里的准则所没有的。7It makes sense for cyberspace participants themselves to agree on a scheme for questionable items, so that people or automatic filters can avoid them.翻译：信息空间的成员对有问题的内容应该达成共识，拿出一个解决方案来，使人们或自动过滤系统避开这些内容，这样可能会有助于解决问题。8In the end, our society needs to grow up. Growing up means understanding that there are no perfect answers, no all-purpose solutions, no government-sanctioned safe havens. 翻译：总之，我们的社会需要发展，要发展就意味着我们必须明白，世上没有完美无缺的答案，没有能够解决各种问题的妙方，没有政府认可的安全避难所。Unit 21 This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. 翻译：这段小插曲反映了一种具有讽刺意味的现象，即美国的男性尽管在公共场合比女性健谈，在家里却比女性说话少。而正是这一现象使婚姻受到严重威胁。2What is important is not the individual subjects that are discussed but the sense of closeness, of a life shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings, and impressions.翻译：对她们来说重要的不是某个具体的讨论话题，而是在说出自己的想法、感受和印象时所表现出来的那种亲密的、分享生活的感觉。3In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.翻译：简言之，最能体现目前这种危机的是一个老套的卡通画面：一个男人坐在早餐桌旁，手中拿着一张报纸看着，而他的妻子愤怒地盯着报纸背面，渴望与他交谈。4But men live in a hierarchical world, where talk maintains independence and status. They are on guard to protect themselves from being put down and pushed around.翻译：但是，男人生活在一种等级分明的世界里，谈话的目的是保持自己的独立性与地位。他们必须时刻警惕，保护自己，以免受人压制或受人摆布。Unit 41By the end of the Eighteenth Century English began to move forward, and by the middle of the nineteenth it had forced its way into first place.翻译：到了18世纪末，英语的地位开始上升。到19世纪中叶，英语已经跻身于第一位了。2But there is more to the matter than this. English, brought to close quarters with formidable rivals, has won very often, not by force of numbers, but by the sheer weight of its merit. 翻译：但是，问题远不止如此。英语在与其劲敌的竞争中取胜，往往不是因为数量原因，而完全是因为其优点。3Then it is only to those who have forgotten one of the prime characteristics of Englishits capacity for getting an infinity of meanings out of a single word by combining it with simple modifiers. 翻译：只有那些忘记了下面这一英语基本特征的人才会这么认为：英语中同一个词与不同的小修饰词结合，便可以产生无数多的意