语言学Chapter 1 Introduction(2013).doc

Chapter 1 Preliminaries about Language I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( T )2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. .( F )3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. . ( F )4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. .( T )5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. ( T. )6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. ( FF)7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. (T T )8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. ( F )9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. ( T )10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. ( F F )11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. ( T )12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. ( T )13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not isolation, but in context. ( T )14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. ( T )15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. ( T )16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. ( F )17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. ( T )18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. ( F )19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.( F )20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de Saussure.( F)II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users k_ knowledge _of the rules of his language.22.Langue refers to the a_ abstract _linguitic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23.D_3. Duality _ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24.Language is a system of a _rbitrary _ vocal symbols used for human communication.25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_ syntax_.26.Human capacity for language has a g_ genetic _ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27.P_ Parole _ refers to the realization of language in actual use.28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a_ applied _ linguistics.29.Language is p_ productive _ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30.Linguistics is generally defined ad the s_ scientific (or systematic)_ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _C_. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. Descriptive D. linguistic 32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?D A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness33.Modern linguistics regards the written language as _C_. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable34.In modern linguistics, speech is regard as more basic than writing, because _D_. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue. D. All of the above.35. A historical study of language is a _B_ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative36.Saussure took a(n) _A_ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociological psychological B. psychological sociological C. applied pragmatic D. semantic and linguistic37.According to F.de Saussure,_C_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. language38.Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _B_and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas39.Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _A_. A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission40.The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _D_, rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B41. Which of the following statement about language is NOT true?C A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary42. Which function is the major role of language?AA A. Informative B. Interpersonal C. Performative D. Emotive 43. Which branch of study cannot be included in the scope of linguistics?D A. Syntax B. Pragmatics C. Phonetics D. Anthropology.44. The distinction of langue and parole is made by _D_. A. Hall B. Sapir C. Chomsky D. Saussure45. _C_c_ is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreters. A. Syntax B. Semantics C. Pragmatics D. Sociolinguistics46. The _D_ function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. A. performative B. phatic C. recreational D. emotive47. The term _C_ may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A. synchronic linguistics B. comparative linguistics C. diachronic linguistics D. historical comparative linguistics48. _A_ examines how meaning is encoded in a language. A. Semantics B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. Morphology49. Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speakers as _D_. A. parole B. language C. system D. langue50. This fundamental distinction between competence and performance is discussed by _A_. A. Chomsky B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. Austin51. What are the dual structures of language?B A. Sounds and letters B. Sounds and meaning C. Letters and meaning D. Sounds and symbols52. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?B A. Language is a means of verbal communication. B. Language is some arbitrary symbols. C. The language system is unique to human beings. D Language is yet to be understood.53. The founder of modern linguistics is _D_. A. Chomsky B. Halliday C. Bloomfield D. Saussure54. Modern linguistics focuses on the present day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a _B_ perspective. A. sociological B. synchronic C. diachronic D. psychological 55. _C_ is concerned with the study of the actual use of language in communication. A. Sociolinguistics B. Semantics C. Pragmatics D. Synchronic linguistics56. _B_B_ studies the sound systems in a certain language. A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Syntax57. _A_studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received. A. phonetics B. Phonology C. Phoneme D. Phonics58. Productivity is one of the _B_B_ features of languages. A. distinctive B. design C. Suprasegmental D. pragmatic59. We can refer to Confucius, even though he has been dead for over 2,500 years. This feature of language is called _D_. A. duality B. creativity C. arbitrariness D. displacement60. Which function of language is also called ideational function (达意功能) in the framework of functional grammar?A A. informative function B. Interpersonal function. C. Emotive function. D. Recreational function.IV. Define the following terms:61. linguistics 62. phonology 63 syntax 64 pragmatics 65 psycholinguistics 66. language 67 phonetics 68 morphology69 semantics 70. sociolinguistics 71. applied linguistics72. arbitrariness 73. productivity 74. displacement 75. duality 76. Competence 77. design features 78. performance 79. lang