语音学习方法论.doc

English Office of Chongqing University of Science & TechnologyChris G. Chen语音学习方法语音是任何一门语言的物质外壳。拥有准确、纯正、流利的英语语音，你说出的英语就如同批上了一件引人注目的漂亮外衣。语言中每个音素都有区别意义的作用，发音上的错误就会引起意义上的误解。如leaveli:v意义是“离开”，liveliv意义是“住；生活”，两个词仅是元音i:和i不同。如发错音，意义也就混淆了。同样eyesaiz意义是“眼睛”，iceais是“冰”，两个词仅辅音z、s不同，发错音也会影响意义的理解。可见，正确发音有重要的意义。一个字母在不同的词中的各种读法，主要取决于这个字母在一个词中前后和什么字母结合，根据这个字母在一个词中所处的不同位置而发出不同的音。字母在各个不同词中应该如何发音有一定规律可循，了解这些读音规则可减少英语学习拼读中的困难。此外，英语语音和语法、构词法、拼词法都有关系。很好地掌握语音不但有利于正确地通过声音来表达思想，而且对语法和词汇的学习也有帮助。可以说，要将一门语言真正学得比较巩固，首先就要有效地掌握语音；要想听得清、读得准、说得出，就要有效地掌握语音。学习方法：抓与汉语发音差异较大的重点环节进行比较、强化训练一、先听音，后开口，听清发准听是语音学习的根本方法。先听音，后开口和听清发准，是语音学习的基本步骤。在许多情况下，学生语音语调不好，是由于听得不够，或者听和开口的次序先后不当所致。听作为语音学习的方法，在不同的阶段或层次中可有不同的目的和进行方式：模仿性的听在以模仿为目的的听中，学生可以静静地听录音带，也可以听教师朗读。在听的时候在心中默默模仿。听完以后模仿一遍。辨音性的听在以辨音为目的的听中，学生的注意力在于比较和区别。学生可以先后听两组或几组音，辨出哪一组发的是哪个音；也可以由他人把一个音标写在来，读一个句子或一组词，让学生辨出含有该音的词。熏陶性的听以熏陶为目的的听不一定都要求学生分辨。主要是多接触英语的语流，以略补由于缺乏语言环境造成的不足。这时可以分几项提出不同要求，比如：注意听连读，注意听失爆，注意听语调等等。在语音阶段这种熏陶所起的作用不很明显，但以后却相当重要。听的活动在语音学习中十分重要，要安排尽量多的时间。单位时间要短，频率要高。二、严格要求与适当“宽容”结合在语音学习中，如能极有分寸地将严格要求与适当宽容结合，学习将会更加轻松，时间使用将会更加有效。严格要求：这首先是就语音的整体和学习自始至终的整个过程而言，也是就学生听音、辨音、模仿发音的态度和表现而言。认真对待每次的听和每次开口模仿，耳，口、心齐动，并成为习惯。适当宽容：这是就单个语音项目(如一个单音)的一次训练而言，也指个人语音客观存在的差异性。每个人对语音的接受能力是不一样的，同时语音的学习，不是呈点状一下子完成的，而是呈线状边发展边完善的，每个人的发展曲线都不尽相同。个人的语音是否正确，标准，不是绝对的，而是相对的。就是英国人，或伦敦人说英语，其语音也都是在大同之中有小异。这方面也说明语音学习严格过度，就会白白浪费时间。三、入门阶段的语音学习与整个学程的语音学习结合语音层次的学习重点在手使学生掌握语音和语调的简单标准或机械性标准。这种标准是纯粹语言学上的，是假设所有性别，年龄、职业、地位的人在任何场合说话都用同一种语音，语调。入门阶段语音学习主要是这一层次。这一层次的学习方法以示范和模仿为主。发挥创造性只能在学习方法和技巧上。1. 音标记忆法元音：发音时声带振动、声音洪亮，气流通过口腔不受唇、齿、舌阻碍的音素叫元音；辅音：发音时气流通过口腔或鼻腔受阻的音素叫辅音。发音时声带振动的是浊辅音(Voiced Consonants)，发音时声带不振动的是清辅音(Voiceless Consonants)元音音素(Vowels)分组记忆法单元音(Pure Vowels)双元音(Diphthongs)前元音中元音后元音i结尾U结尾结尾iU ReiUii:U:R:aiaUZeAQa:RiU元音音素分组记忆法四大组四单个基本型延长型前置型后置型ii:ieiaiQ一座山:UZA一朵花UU:UaUe一个呃RR:Ria:一个啊元音音素例词记忆法ihimeidayi:seeaifineeletRiboyAbackUboatagain /doctoraUnow:firstihereQcutZpairUgoodUpoorU:soonRboxR:horsea:far字母读音拆分法记忆部分元音音素元音音素元音字母含该元音的辅音字母eiAeiHeitF JdVei Kkeii:Ei:Bbi: Csi: Ddi: GdVi: Ppi: Tti: Vvi:aiIaiYwaiUOU(j)U:UjU:QkwjU: W5dQbljU:eLel Fef Mem Nen Ses Xeks Zzed a:Ra:QW5dQbljU:辅音音素(Consonants)记忆法爆破音Plosive摩擦音Fricative破擦音Affricate鼻音Nasal舌侧音Lateral半元音Glides/Semi-vowelspbfvtsdzmlwtdWTtrdrnjkgsztFdVNFVhr辅音音素记忆法十小对八单个爆破组摩擦组破擦组pbfvtsdzmnN三鼻音tdWTtrdrwj两半元kgsztFdVl一舌侧FVhr两摩擦辅音音素例词记忆法ppenvvoicehhedzbedsbbackWthinkrrunmmouthttimeTthattFchairnnameddossaydVjobNsongkcomezzerotrtryllike / tellggetFshowdrdrywweffatVpleasuretscatsjyes分解法记忆辅音音素字母PBTD/ZVKG/JZU读音pi:bi:ti:di:zedvi:keidVi:dVeizedjU:辅音pbtdvkdVzj元音i:i:i:i:ei:eidVi:dVeieU:字母FLMNS/CH读音efelemenessi:eitF元音eeeeei:ei辅音flmnstF学习须知：1. 语音学习过程中可以借助汉语读音找到似曾相识的感觉和发音效果，不必每个音都反反复复去对口形，只有r、W、T、tr等少数几个较难发的音才有必要；2. 虽然可以借助汉语读音找到似曾相识的感觉和发音效果，但不允许用汉语注音方式。从英语到汉语似乎只差之毫厘，可是再从汉语返回英语就会谬以千里。比如orange注音为“饿儿玩鸡”似乎可行，可按照汉语读出来却引人发笑；3. 长元音音长为短元音的3倍左右，短元音发音急促，通常出口即停；双元音口形由第一个单元音圆滑地滑向第二个单元音，其中第一个单元音读得比第二个长一些；辅音除m、n、N、l可以拖音外，其余音必须出口即停。2. 音标与单词拼读单词拼读技巧：英语单词拼读类似于汉语拼音，但还要注意做到紧凑、轻重分明、辅音连缀宜快、变调练习。紧凑：整个单词读得紧凑连贯，音标之间不能有缝隙，不能读成断断续续的几部分。轻重分明：重读音节要读得长，重而突出；轻读音节要读得短，轻而低落，要做到轻重分明。变调练习：为了给以后的句子朗读和听力、口语训练打基础，每个单词都应该按照升调、平调、降调进行练习，不应只读降调。辅音连缀宜快：辅音连缀必须读得快，一口气猛冲出去，读慢了就会在辅音之间夹入元音。要注意失去爆破等特殊现象。Exercises for the 4 Front Vowelsi舌尖轻抵下齿，双唇中常words: _ it sit bit fit big kick give live miss ill fill think rich which fish wish ship hill chick visit limit_ belong delay desire remain return secure prefer elect event extreme horses races prices causes pages judges babies armies parted waited needed guided carried worried forest honest shortest_ build_ myth busy prettyphrases: a big clinic / a big dictionary / a big ship / the pink silk / a bit chilly /the spilt milk / the thick stick / a bit dizzy / fix it / give him six / little by little / bit by bit / finish it quickly / pretty busy / fifty pictures / Miss Smith / interesting films / put into practice / be interested in /sentences: We should try to put the principal into practiceTim is as thin as a pin.Finish it quickly. It isnt difficult.This little inn is the best in the village. Lets put up in it. Is Lily in? Lily is ill in bed. Oh, Im sorry.Tongue twisters:The little kid will fix his little ship.If I assist a sister-assistant, will the sisters sister-assistant assist me?In India, innocent infants are thrown into the river.Why is Sister Lily sitting there knitting in silence?i:舌尖轻抵下齿，舌前部上抬，嘴唇向两侧伸成扁平words: _ be me sea we he she even immediate_ bee see feeble indeed succeed tree deed feel free three breeze_ reason teacher feature tea eat neat meat beat meal clean please_ receive ceiling_ belief convenient field piece niece grief_ peoplephrases: a team leader / a League meeting / the Chinese people / the East Sea Fleet / a real secret/ the deep sleep / the sweat dream / the green trees / a piece of lean meat / the deep seasentences: Sit down, please.Seeing is believing.Take it easy.Do you see the key on the seat?The peacekeeping troops try to keep the peace of that place.Please read it.Please keep it a secret.Eve is Peters niece.A friend in need is a friend indeed. Would you like coffee or tea？ Tea, please. OK. I have tea too.Tongue twisters:I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice-cream.Do you see the green leaves of each tree in the field?comparison: i and i:sinseen /fillfeel / hillheel / sickseek / lickleak / ridread / slipsleep / gringreen / chick cheeke舌尖轻抵下齿，舌前部稍抬但较i:低，唇形中长较i:宽words: _ get debt yet wet neck check bed egg beg pen ten tell fell best text next spend very ever connect never seven metal gentle yellow fellow section question attend accept forget correct collect_ dead heaven _ any many_ friendphrases: very well / get ready / ten desks / ten pence / the next step / the fresh egg / the dead men / went to America / the best pen / the red dress / twenty cents / the next sentence / my best friend / a television set / wet with sweat / terrible weather / press the bell/ fresh and energetic / step by step / get together / make a dead set at（联合攻击）/ sentences: Well, lets get everything ready.Better late than never.Ben is wet with sweat.Remember to get me ten eggs.All is well that ends well.Better to do well than to say well.East or west, home is best.Good, better, best. Never let it rest. Till good is better, and better best.I will never forget the splendid time we spent together.Lets get together when the weather is better. How did you spend your holiday? I went to Beijing. Was it expensive? Yes, very.Tongue twisters:He sent ten men to mend the dent in the engine of the tender.Ted sent Fred ten hens yesterday so Freds fresh bread is ready parison: e and ifellfill / setsit / whenwin / hellhill / deaddid / lestlistA舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬但较e i:低，开口较大，双唇稍扁words: _ cap map fat bad mad back lack gas mass catch match man ran hand land bank thank lamp stamp act fact carry marry happy fancy manage matter latter pattern gather handle battle absent anxious family national capital annual satisfy character avenue salary natural practical phrases: a black cat / a mad man / traveling bag / as a matter o fact / the fat man / the sad lad / the black flag / hand in handsentences: A fact is a fact.事实胜于雄辩。Fancy that！真想不到！Dont let the cat out of the bag.别泄露机密。Handsome is as handsome does.品德优美才算真美。Thank you for the stamp.Its very bad of you to talk back to your dad.That black man has taken my jacket. Ann is traveling to Japan. How happy she is! Yes, she is very happy.Tongue twisters:Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?Catch that mad black parison: A and ebagbeg / gasguess / matmet / sadsaid / badbed / landlend / sandsend / packpeck / panpen / ladled / This bed is bad. / This is a bad pen. / What daddy said made me sad.Exercises for the 3 Central Vowels中元音发音时，舌位、牙床、唇形保持不变，否则会发成双元音。唇形自然words: _ ago again among above agree about ahead admire abroad approve attempt asleep amuse attend affirm assist attack advance breakfast purchase_ fever teacher winter worker daughter father mother writer soldier gather never other order paper danger_ doctor labor forget_ welcome polite_ upon difficult_ sugar collar_ movement_ holiday_ centre_ famous_ pursue_ labour_ picturephrases: along the river / among the workers / never forget / a sheet of paper / a drop of water / the workers of China / for a moment / the doctors daughter / at the counter / an hour and a half / from cover to cover / a quarter to seven / a glass of water / a book about China / brothers and sisters / once upon a time / sentences: Birds of a feather flock together.I am afraid that the color is unsuitable for my mother.Readers are supposed to keep silent in the library.My younger brother is a doctor.Shall we have a chat or go to the cinema?Please return the alarm clock to the teacher.Lets go for a walk along the river.Were going to have a get-together after supper.Youd better do it faster.Give me some butter and sugar. Look at the clock. Whats the time? Its a quarter to seven!Tongue twisters:Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppersA peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper pickedIf Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppersWheres the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?:双唇扁平words: _ her certain person service perfect term_ early heard beard search learn earnest _ journey_ fur hurt purchase furnish nurse church curl burn turn surface_ sir shirt bird third birth girl first_ word world worth worstphrases: the first year / the first term / the German expert / learn the word / a dirty shirt / a firm girl / a nervous nurse / an early bird / the third word / the third world / an earnest person / perfect service / sentences: I would like to have a word with you when you finish your work at hand.He cursed the nurse for her bad service.He searched and searched for the bird he heard in the church.First come, first served.别插队！/讲先后秩序。Workers of the world, unite!Perfect service deserves an earnest and worthy return.良好的服务应受到人们的尊敬。Its the early bird that catches the worm.早鸟先得食。The girls learnt world history in the first and third terms at the university. He always arrives work early. But he wasnt early this morning. You werent early either.Q 与将学的B:相比开口较小，双唇稍扁。words: _ up cup bud mud gun fun thus thunder such luck jump but_ rough tough touch couple double cousin country _ does_ one come some none other mother color money honey dozen cover love worry month Monday_ flood bloodphrases: some punch / some honey / a cup of punch / some money / one month / once in a month / a tough son / a funny couple / a sudden jump / just for fun / blood for blood / hurry up / rubbish dump / a running bus / a rusty gun / a Sunday club / trust ussentences: Its sunny today.My uncle will go to London next Monday.How lucky he is!I am not accustomed to making a speech in public.We heard the occasional rumble of passing truck.Several provinces in the south of China are suffering from floods.Tongue twisters:The spunky skunk slumped and the stinky slug slouched. Soon they switched and the spunky skunk slouched and the stinky slug parison: Q and Arugrag / sucksack / trucktrack / mudmad / huthat / dumbdamn / budbad / bunban / cupcap / runran /Exercises for the 5 Back VowelsU圆唇但唇不突出words: _ put push bush pull full bull sugar bullet_ foot cook look book took good wood room woolen manhood_ should could would _ woman phrases: looks good / a good look / took a book / a good cook / a good book / a good woman / look at the cook / took some sugar / a good-looking womansentences: Its a good book. He looks like a good cook.Look at the woman. Isnt she good-looking?I took my book and looked at it as long as I could.Try as I would, I could do nothing. So I took a broom and left the room.The cook took some sugar and put it in the soup.He understood what the woman wanted. Where did you put the book? Which book? The book you bought yesterday. Oh, I put it on the bookshelf.Tongue twisters:Good cookies could be cooked by a good cook if a good cook could cook good cookies.U: 包括jU: 圆唇且唇突出words: _ too food fool tooth moon noon soon choose school zoo_ do who lose_ shoe _ you youth group_ blue true_ fruit juice_ June rule duty music future pupil student refuse reduce excuse produce opportunity university_ beauty_ review phrases: a new school / a new suit / huge spoons / beautiful music / a group of students / whose shoes / too soon / too few / a music school / a revolutionary movement / a useful rule / choose two /a tooth for a tooth / fruit juice / the new spoon / the cool pool / Sue and Lucy / amusing newssentences: I am not in the mood to argue with you.What he said is proved to be true.The news is too good to be true.Dont lose the opportunity.别坐失良机。Choose either boots or shoes.Who said the soup was too cool?Your spoon wont be useful for noodles.Soon it will be June.What do you choose to do this afternoon?As a rule, the skies are blue in June. Look at my new shoes! Oh, they are beautiful. Your boots beautiful too.Tongue twisters:A tutor who tooted a flute tried to tutor two students to toot. Said the two to the tutor, “Its hard to toot or to tutor two beginners to toot?”comparison: U: and Upoolpull / foolfull / foodfoot / cooedcould / wooedwood /R 在B:的基础上将双唇收圆，后舌稍抬，发短音。words: _ top shop hot dog pot God plot lock rock sock song long cost lost spot stop block clock copy coffee body sorry offer honor model bottle college orange office hollow doctor concert occupy hospital possible property policy October_ knowledge _ what wash watch swallow quality quantity whatever want_ tomorrowphrases: a soft song / a popular opera / a coffee shop / cost a lot / got a job / lost a lot / quality and quantity / a college concert / a model hospital / hot coffee / on the box / hot-pot dishsentences: The clock has stopped.钟停了。Copy the song, its not long.Lost time is never found again.时不再来。She is eating a hot dog in the doorway.Bob has a lofty job and a lot of hobbies.Modeling became a profession only in modern times. I have a bad cough. You must see a doctor. Yes, I must go to the hospital.Tongue twisters:Lots and lots of clocks and watches have gone wrong.好多钟表都坏了。When a doctor doctors a doctor, does the doctor doing the doctoring doctor as the doctor being doctored wants to be doctored or does the doctor doing the doctoring doctor as he wants to doctor?comparison: Q and Rlucklock / gungone / fundfond / duckdock / rubrob /R:双唇比R更圆（与R相连的音节在美国音中发RE）words: _ saw law _ Paul author_ daughter caught_ often_ ought bought_ lord force horse born corn story forty portrait forward porter port morning more_ door_ talk wall hall walk ball _ board roar _ four court _ water always almost_ quarterphrases: four balls / four walls / score boards / sports reporter / the short form / the broad door / the morning callsentences: Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。The man walking on the lawn is my boss.George saw a saw hanging on the wall.He was born on August the fourteenth, nineteen forty-four.I see two children on the blackboard. He is short. She is shorter.She thought she ought to take a walk before four oclock.When the storm is coming, the ship has to call at the port.Tongue twisters:Mr. See owned a saw and Mr. Soar owned a seesaw. Now Sees saw sawed Soars seesaw before Soar parison: R and R:oddawed(敬畏) / notnaught / cot(吊床)caught / stockstalk(梗) / cockcork(软木塞) /chock(楔子)chalkB: 在Q的基础上开口较大，双唇中常，舌低平。（与R相连的音节在美国音中发BE）words: _ arm art hard harsh march party market garden pardon carpet regard depart guitar dark are_ fast last glance chance class glass after father rather basket demand command advance plant _ palm calm_ aunt_ heartphrases: a large parcel / a basket of bananas / pass the glass / half past one / after the party / after the dance / rather fast / cant dance / hard-hearted / master of arts / tomatoes and bananas / fast car / heart transplant / a large car / a sharp remark / a hard task / a dark park / half mast(降半旗)sentences: The party stopped a