英语中常跟动名词做宾语的动词,逗号,宾语从句.doc

英语中常跟动名词做宾语的动词Admit, stand（忍受，容忍）， appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, enjoy, escape, excuse（原谅）,fancy（imagine）, finish, forgive, keep（continue）, mind, miss（错过）, pardon, practice, prevent, risk, suggest, advise, allow, permit, acknowledge, require, tolerate（容忍，忍受）,favor（喜欢）,involve, guarantee, approve（同意）,encourage, ban（禁止）,predict其中advise, allow, permit后提到相关人，用to do英语中常跟不定式做宾语的动词Agree, refuse, offer, promise, choose, decide, determine, attempt, intend, manage, fail, ask, hope, want, expect, long, wish, seek, plan, prepare, learn, mean, volunteer, pretend, dare, afford, beg, demand, dislike, fear英语逗号你注意到了吗？高考英语单选题中，20%左右的题含有逗号。如果对逗号不加注意，有可能会对整个句子的理解发生偏差。 一般来说，英语句中的逗号主要出现在以下语法现象中： 1.Wemustredoubleourefforts，orwellneverbeabletocatchupwiththeothers.（并列句） 2.Youngasheis，heisequaltothetask.（主从复合句让步状语从句） 3.Theroomwasfullofstudents，tenofwhomarefromforeigncountries. （主从复合句非限制性定语从句） 4.Givenenoughtime，wearesureto do itwell.（非谓语形式过去分词） 5.Nothavingseenherforalongtime，missedherverymuch.（非谓语形式现在分词） 6.Theymusthavegonetherelastnight，didntthey？（反意疑问句） 注意题目中的逗号能使我们根据选项，有的放矢地做题。 例1：BillsaimistoinformtheviewersthatcigaretteadvertisingonTVisillegal，_？ A. isntitB.isitC.isntheD.ishe 此句考查的是反意疑问句。“，”后的附加疑问部分，其助动词和人称应与主句的谓语动词和人称保持一致，故选A. 例2：Havingbeenattackedbyter-rorists，_. A.doctorscametotheirrescueB.thetallbuildingcollapsedC.anemergencymeasurewastakenD.warningsweregiventotourists 此句“，”前为现在分词结构，其逻辑主语与主句主语一致，故选B。 翻译中通过逗号的适当运用，可把结构复杂的句子简单化。此外，中英文逗号不必一一对应。 另外，在做阅读理解和完形填空时，适当注意逗号也有助于对难句的理解。写作文时，可用一些含逗号的并列句及主从复合句等，使文章更加丰富。含逗号的各种句式1.分句， and，or，but/ yet分句Study hard, and youll pass the exam.Hurry up, or youll miss the first bus to the station.Come early, or else you wont get anything to eat.We had hoped to see the film, but we couldnt get the tickets.2.从句，主句时间状语从句After, When, As soon as, Before,原因状语从句Before , As, Since,条件状语从句 If , 让步状语从句Although,Though,Whenever，Wherever , However, 3.主句，非限定性定语从句, whowhom，when，which/ as，where，from where，whose，prep.+ which，As , 主句He has five brothers, three of whom are now studying in the States.He has five brothers; three of them are now studying in the States. 4.句子主干，伴随状语/伴随状态的独立分词构句1) _ , (名词)+现在分词The teaching came in, carrying a big case. The old man sat reading, with his dog sleeping beside him. He went to the front door, his student following him. He cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. The beggar lay in the corner of the street, his hand trembling.2) _, 名词过去分词He walked into the room, his head held high,He sat there on his sofa, (with) a map spread in his knees.He lay there, (with) his hands crossed behind his head.3) _, 形容词或形容词词组She stood there, speechless.John sat down in the sofa for a rest, tired.He cries out, full of joy. ( The Merchant of Venice)4) _,名词词组+形容词词组She looked at me, her eyes full of doubt.5)_, 名词+介词短语He stood there, ( with ) his hand in his pockets.with a book in his hand.book in hand.5，状语(非谓语动词), 句子主干On hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.Walking to the school yesterday morning, I met a friend of mine.Finding his door locked, I went home.Having finishing her shopping, she went home.Asked if he could come to the party, John nodded his head and left the room.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.In order to catch the early train, he hurried to the station.写作中避免使用垂悬修饰语指句子中一个修饰词组与句子的主语没有逻辑上的主谓关系，因而这种词组没有修饰任何成分，故称垂悬修饰语1)Rushing to class one morning, the books fell all over the stairs. 错误所在：The books cant rush to class. Rushing to class one morning, I dropped my books all over the stairs.2) Troubled by a broken foot, the sports meeting was impossible. 错误所在：The sports cant be troubled by a broken foot.Troubled by a broken foot, John couldnt join in the sports meeting.有些语法书称之为“无依着分词结构”If there is no noun/ pronoun in the position, the participle is considered to belong to the subject of the following main verb.Mailed late, we may not receive the postcards before the New Year.Mailed late, the postcards may not be received before the New Year.独立主格结构My work done, I went to bed.The sat in the room with the curtains drawn.Dont go in without asked to.With a lot of problems to settle, the president is having a hard time.With all the problems settled, the president felt relieved.With a lot of things to buy, sheconj.+ ed分词结构when(ever), where(ever), though, although, as if , as though, if , once, unless, until, Even if invited, I wont go.6.句子主干，同位语This is Mr. Wen, headmaster of our school.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, one ( that ) I will always treasure.He was a strict but good captain, one who, unusually took good care of the sailors on his trip. ( Captain Cooker)There was a workforce of 400 people, most of them women. ( Ankor Wott)There was a workforce of 400 people, most of whom were women. Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 7. （评注性状语）独立主格结构, 句子主干Luckily for him, his stepmother was kind to him.Luckily , his stepmother was kind to him.Fortunately, his stepmother was kind to him.Generally speaking ，Honestly speaking ，Strictly speaking，Judging fromSo many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.Nobody being in the room, I did not go in.It being Sunday, they didnt go to school.There being no pen, I had to write the letter with a pencil.It being a fine day, I went swimming with Tom.To tell you the truth,To cut a long story short, To be honest, 8.否定句，nor + 助动词主语否定句，and neither +助动词主语否定句，and +主语助动词eitherI cant swim, nor can he.I cant swim, and neither can he.I cant swim, and he cant, either.宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.1.宾语从句的连接词从属连词连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.He told that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他下一年上大学.I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.连接代词连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?I dont know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?连接副词连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.2.动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都买光了.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to, appreciate（感激）I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.I take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.3.介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.用that, if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except, but, besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.4.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.5.if,wheter在宾语从句中的区别if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后,介词后一般不用if少数动词,如:leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.在不定式前只能用whether.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.6.哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时;当宾语从句较长时;当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时;当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.7.宾语从句的否定转移主句是谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.I dont believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?8.宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现