Unit 1 Grammar英语中的否定.doc

Unit 1 Grammar英语中的否定一：否定的种类：按意义分,有全部否定、部分否定、多重否定(双重否定). 1）全部否定: no, not, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither. nor,结构均表示强烈意味的完全否定, 绝对不,没有,远不(非).,一点也不,根本不.,无论如何也没有.等. 2）部分否定: 英语中一些含有总括含义的代词、形容词或副词,当用于否定句中时,只否定一部分,而不是完全否定.如all, everybody(everyone), everything, anyone(anybody), anything, anywhere, everywhere, always, quite, both, entirely, altogether等词与not连用时,在汉语中译为.不全是.,不都是.,并非全都是.,不总是.等 All that glitters is not gold. All of us dont want to go.对比：All knowledge and techniques of modern medicine cannot bring him back to life. 在此解作“即使全部的也不”）Every instrument here is not good.二：英语否定形式1）英语中否定含义的表达形式多种多样，可以用not，no，never，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere等否定词来表达否定之意.2） 可以用hardly，scarcely，seldom，little，few等半否定词来表达否定之意.3) 可以用含否定意义的前缀a，ab，an，de，dis，il，im，in，ir，non，un，under等构成的词表达否定之意；也可以用后缀 -less，free，proof等构成的词表达否定之意。4)除此以外，还可以用含否定意义的词、词组或句子表达否定意义一）、运用含否定意义的词及词组表示否定意义1动词：absent（缺席，不到），fail（没有），defy（公然反抗），deny（否认），miss（未击中，未赶上），lack（缺乏），escape（被忘掉），ignore（不顾），refuse（不肯，拒不），negate（否定），decline（拒绝），neglect（忽略），forbid（不许， 不准），resist（抗拒）等。例如：He absented himself from a meeting on some pretext他借故不去开会。Her name escaped me for a moment2动词短语： differ from（与不同）， prefer to（宁愿而不），keep off（不接近，不让接近），keep fromprevent fromstopfromprotect from（阻止，使不）， deprive of（使丧失），lose sight of（看不见）， make light of（轻视，视不足道）等。Why should you prevent them from moving into the new house？Sickness deprived her of the pleasure of meeting her son3名词：absence（不在）， failure（没有，不及格）， lack（缺乏），（不愿），refusal（不肯），ignorance（无知），negation（否定），shortage（缺乏，不足），want（缺少），zero（乌有）等。His reluctance to think of a nonsports career caught up with him他不愿考虑运动员以外的职业给他带来的不幸。Bass was also in ignorance of his whereabouts贝斯也不知他的下落。Shortage of manpower is the chief cause of the delay at the factoryTheir hopes were reduced to zero他们的希望化为乌有。4形容词及形容词短语： reluctant（不愿）， absent from（不在，没到场）， ignorant of（不知，不懂），different from（与不同），short of（缺少，不足），far from（远非，决不），safe from（免于）， free from（不受影响的，没有的），free of（无的）等。We should be free from arrogance and rashness我们应该不骄不躁。5介词：above（超出之外），against（反对）， beneath（不值得），beyond（超出，无法）， off（离开）， past（超过）， butexcept（除之外）等。例如：This problem is beneath notice这个问题不值得注意。The young men of the present day are beyond my comprehensionHis stupidity is past all belief他的愚蠢简直不可思议。6介词短语：at a loss（不知所措，不知）， in the dark（不知道）， in vain（徒劳，无用）， out of the question（不可能）， off ones guard（毫无防备，没有警惕），out of the swim（不合时髦，不合潮流）， at ones wits end（智穷计尽，不知所措）， at the end of ones ropeat the end of ones row（山穷水尽，智穷力竭）等。例如：The police are at a loss for an explanation of the affairI am completely in the dark concerning his plansI have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question7其他词组及固定搭配：anything butby no meansin no caseon no accountunder no circumstances（决不）， instead of（而不）， rather than（而不是）， other than（不同于，除以外）， aside from（除了以外）， least of all（最不），the last（极不可能的，最不适合的）， let aloneto say nothing ofstill less， not to mention （更不用说）等。The little bridge is anything but safeThe truth is quite other than what you thinkHe cant run a hundred yards，still less a mile二、运用某些结构表达否定意义1tooto（太不能）Hes too much of a coward to do that2more A than B（与其 B不如 A）或 more than含有 can的从句（不能）He is more brave than wiseMy gratitude for your help is more than I can express3比较级than不定式（不至于做）You should know better than to play football in the classroomHe was wiser than to have done such a thing三、运用以连词before，unless等引出的状语从句表达否定意义He slipped out before the meeting startedUnless you put on your overcoat，youll catch a cold四、用虚拟语气表达否定意义But for your coming，I should have been very lonelyIf only you had worked with greater care否定结构练习1. We are too busy to take a long holiday this year, _ the fact that we cant afford it. A) not to speak B) not to mention C) to say anything of D) much less 2. He didnt arrive _ the game had begun. A) until B) after C) when D) before 3. They could hardly keep themselves alive, _ look after a wife and children. A) or not B) and even not C) let alone D) as opposed to4. He is _ have done such a foolish thing. A) as experienced as to B) more experienced than toC) too experienced to D) only too experienced to5. All knowledge is _ , and when it fails to lead the students into the correct path, it is either in itself bad, or it has been very imperfectly acquired. A) bad B) not well C) worse D) not good6. She is _ diligent than he is. A) no B) not C) no more D) not more 7. We should _ look down upon the people who are inferior to us. A) by no means B) by any means C) at all D) in any way 8. It wont be long _ imperialism comes to its end. A) when B) after C) until D) before9. I _ her skill of performance, though I dont like her personally. A) cant but admitting B) cant help but admittingC) cant help but to admit D) cant help but admit10. You are not to let anyone know where we are going _. A) under no circumstances B) under any circumstances C) by every means D) at no time 11. Miss Keller was so intelligent that I could not _ . A) but admire her B) admire her C) admiring her D) to admire her12. The ministry had no choice _ our rates. A) except raising B) but raise C) but to raise D) without raising13. I will not lose confidence in the great cause _. A) at no time B) at times C) at a time D) at any time14. No human beings could possibly copy down all these facts, _ remember and organize them. A) much more B) much less C) still more D) more than15. The students cannot be _ careful in performing the experiment as it is such a critical link in the whole project. A) very B) too C) quite D) so 16. I have never been back since we moved out, not even to the town, _ to the house where I was born. A) still less B) still not C) even not D) no to mention 17. The students are _ with these two famous scientists in the lab. A) too pleased to work B) too pleased that they cannot work C) only too pleased to work D) so pleased that they cannot work18. He does not know English, _ German or French. A) nothing to say about B) to say nothing of C) anything to say about D) to say anything of19. Its nearly impossible to go through a major city _ a person who is or appears to be homeless. A) not to have seen B) not to see C) without seeing D) without being seen20. I know nothing about his journey _ he is to be away for a month. A) provided that B) supposing that C) now that D) except that21. The book is _ me, but Ill never give up studying. A) above B) over C) under D) below22. I dont believe it. I think he is _ such a thing. A) the only person to do B) the first person to do C) the last person to do D) the very person to do23. The experiment is _ ; it was a great success. A) far from being a failure B) far away from a failure C) more than a failure D) nothing but a failure 24. You cant be _ careful when driving on the highway. A) very B) quite C) so D) too25. The old lady whom Jack quarreled with yesterday is _ Mary. A) not other than B) none other than C) nobody other than D) no one other than 26. If were attacked we cant but _ in self-defense. A) to fight back B) fight back C) fighting back D) only to fight backLanguage points1 far from- 离-远; 远非、决不如： The sun is far from the earth.Heisfarfrom(being)honest他决非诚实之人。 译: 我决不是怪他。 _. 她的写作还不够完美 _.2: Oliver gets caught by the police and is taken to court.1) catch: 捕捉; 撞见; 理解 be caught in - 碰到, 遇到 catch sb by the + 部位 抓住某人体部位 catch sb doing- 撞见某人正在做- catch ones attention 引起某人的注意We _(遇到大雨) on the way home.He _ (抓住我的手)and said, “Dont forget.”The teacher_(撞见他在睡觉) in classIm sorry._(我没听懂你的话).2) take sb to court 起诉/控告某人 go to court (over sth) 起诉, 打官司完成句子: I _ (起诉他)for repayment of the debt.3. He pities Oliver, takes him home, and tries to reform.reform 变好,改善; 改良,改进,改革; 改造,改过自新 There are signs that hes reforming. reform ones way/habits 改变作风/习惯译: 进行改革_我想使他改过自新,但是徒劳无获.I wanted to _ him, but _.4. They force him back into a life of crime by pressuring him with the threat of violence if he resists. pressure n./vt pressure sb with sth pressure sb into doing sth强迫某人做某事bring pressure to bear on sb (to do sth) 对某人施加压力(使其做某事)put pressure on sb (to do sth) (试图)迫使某人(做某事); 催逼某人under pressure We dont want to _ pressure _ you to make a decision, but we havent much time left. A put; to B place; on C put; on D place; to 5 Kevin was filled with sorrow at the sight of his old soccer ball, and he let out a sad sigh. 1) at the sight/ thought of- at first sight 乍看 catch/have/get sight of- lose sight of- in sight out of sight in the sight of sb 在某人看来 2) 译短语 let out a cry let out a secret let out the skirt let sb down let sb alone let go off let alone 6 entertain sb to sth 以- 招待-entertain sb with sth 以-逗了逗乐-entertaining adj. = amusing and pleasingentertainment n.练: I like Dr lius lecture, which is both informative and _.Is there any traditional _ at Thanksgiving in your town, besides Trick and Treat.1-5 BACBD 6-10 DADDB 11-15 ACDBB 16-20 ACBCD 21-25 ACADB 26-30 BD1 Im far from blaming him. His writing is far from perfection.2 were caught in a rain caught me by the hand caught him sleeping I didnt catch what you said took him to court3 carry out reforms reform in vain4 C6 entertaining entertainmentI. Multiple choice1. His mother had talked to him for many minutes while he was watching TV, but . A. a little did he hear B. little did he hear C. little heard he D. a little heard he 2. During the war, but also he lost his wife and his child. A. not was his job in the lab taken away B. not only was his job in the lab taken away C. not merely his job in the lab was taken away D. not just was taken away his job in the lab 3. I think this is the first time that we have met.anywhere. A. Before have we never seen each other B. Never before we have seen each other C. Each other have we seen never before D. Never before have we seen each other 4. The old man wouldnt stay at home for a rest even if it rained. . He would feel sick if he stayed home for one day. A. So would my grandpa B. So wouldnt my grandpa C. Neither would my grandpa D. Nor wouldnt my grandpa 5. By no means to our plan for the trip. A. will she agree B. she will agree C. agrees she D. will agree she 6. They went into a small house but . A. no persons did they find B. not a person found they C. not a person did they find D. not a person they found 7. Henry often helps look after Granny Wang, but. A. seldom is George B. seldom George does C. seldom does George D. seldom looks George after Granny Wang 8. Nothing but two ancient Chinese coins after they took out the jar. A. did they find in it B. they found in it C. in it did they find D. in it found they II. Translation1. 这两本书都不是英国出版的。 2. 你们当中我一个也不认识。 3 我不同意所有这些方案。 4在他还没来之前，我们就把所有的工作都做完了。 5. 这些规章制度多不完善！ 6. 未经允许，任何人不得入内。 7. 听到这个消息后，没有一个人不感到惊奇。 8. 人们直到失去了健康才知道健康的可贵。 9. 直到五月的一个星期六下午，玛格丽特才安排我与她姐姐见面。 10. 不久他就告诉了我们这件事。 11. 对他的成绩我们怎么赞扬也不过分。 12. 他刚进办公室，电话铃就响了。 13. 只有傻瓜才会做这种事情。 14. 她是班里最自私的了。 15. 他的失败完全是由于他自己的粗心大意。Keys : I. 1-5 BBDCA 6-8 CCB II. 1. Neither of the books is published in England.2. I know none of you. 3. I agree to none of these plans. 4. We had finished all the work before he came.5. How imperfect the rules and regulations are!6. Nobody can come in without permission.7. Having heard the news, everybody felt surprised.There was nobody who did not feel surprised.There was nobody but felt surprised.8. People do not know the blessing of health until they lose it9. It was not until a Saturday afternoon in May that Margaret could arrange for me to meet her elder sister.10. It wasnt long before he told us about this affair11. We can hardly praise his achievement too much 12. No sooner had he entered the office than the telephone rang13. None but a fool would do such a thing14. Nobody is mo