人教英语必修三-情态动词、句子结构.doc

助动词与情态助动词 情态助动词与基本助动词的最主要区别之一是, 基本助动词没有词汇意义,而情态助动词则有自己的词汇意义, 能表示说话人对所说话语的态度和看法, 或表示主观设想及其他情态意义。【情态助动词的词法和句法特征】1、 后面只接动词原形。（ought to、used to可以被看作是固定词组）；二、没有非限定形式，即没有不定式、ing分词或ed分词等形式。三、第三人称单数现在时没有词形变化，即没有-s形式。四、“时态”并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时形式和过去 时形式都可用来表示现在时间、过去时间或将来时间。【哪些词是情态助动词？】情态助动词有个：may, can, must, ought to, will, shall, need, dare, used to。其中，有些情态助动词有过去式形式，如can(could), may(might), will(would), shall(should)。Needed和dared很少被用作情态助动词，更多的被用作实意动词。【高考怎么考查情态助动词？】情态助动词考点在全国各地高考试题中都很被重视，复现率。基本的考查思路是通过某特定的语境，考查考生对个情态助动词共性或个性的掌握。近几年，情态助动词的个性，即独有的特殊情态大受青睐。出现了不少考题。例如：（山东）- May I smoke here ? - If you _, choose a seat in the smoking section. A. should B. could C. may D. must【may的意义和用法】1、 表示许可，包括：a. 说话人给予的许可； b. （正式文体）普遍的许可； c. 在疑 问句或if分句中，表示不是说话人给予的许可，而是征询听话人的许可。例如：a. You may smoke in this room. ( You are permitted to .)You may come if you wish. You may not go. ( You are not permitted to )b. Visitors may ascend（登上） the tower for 6 pence. Borrowers may not take out of the library more than two books at a time.c. - May I use your car for a few days?- No, you may not.May I smoke in the room?If I may say so, your work needs revision. ( If you allow me to say so, )If I may ask, how much money can you make in a year. “May I ” 征询对方许可在语体上比较正式。在语气上比较客气。在日常会话中，用 “Can I ”征询对方许可在现代英语中更为常见。2、表示可能 (这时的may一般不用语疑问句，在疑问句中常用can 表示)。d. 通常用于陈述句，例如：It may rain tomorrow. You may lose your way if you dont take a map.The news may or may not be true.e. may + 不定式的进行体，例如：He may be working in his study.f. may + 不定式的完成体或完成进行体，(当时大概做了)。例如：He may have been there.I may have misunderstood you.They may have been discussing the problem the whole day.3、表示祝福或诅咒。 例如：May God bless you! May you rest in peace!May you enjoy many years of health and happiness.May his evil designs perish! (让他的阴谋诡计见鬼去吧！)4、表示让步。 例如： He may be only a new comer, but he works as efficiently as any one of us. He may be clever, but you cant expect him to know everything.【can的意义和用法】1、表示能力 a. 通常指由体力、知识、技能、等所产生的能力。例如：Baby Tom can walk now. Can you lift this box?Mary Blake can speak five languages. Can you skate?b. 表示由于客观原因而形成的能力。例如： There being no car available, we can go there by bus instead. I can come to your party, but Alice cant, shes got to go to a meeting.c. 表示含有“愿意”的能力。 例如： Can you pass me the salt? I can do that for you.g. 与表示感觉或心理状态的动词连用时，往往失去情态意义。例如： I can see the top of the tower. I cant understand why he was so irritated. (I dont understand )2、表示许可 例如：You can smoke in this room. - Can I go for a swim this afternoon?- No, you cant.You cannot play football in the school yard. ( You are forbidden)You can forget about your holiday. (含有“劝告”的意义)3、表示可能，用来推测某事物的可能性a. 可用于肯定或否定的陈述句和疑问句，但更频繁地用于否定句和疑问句Lightening can be dangerous. 闪电有时候会很危险。 Weve got a map, we cant lose our way. Can the news be true? What can have happened to him? He can sometimes be very nasty. Practicing Wushu without a coach can be dangerous. b. 表示“可能”还常常用来表示“建议”某人做某事。例如： We can do that tomorrow. You can spend several hours in the bookshop.c. 当主语为第二、第三人称时，can（表示可能）还可以表示一种比较亲密、随便祈使语气。例如：William, you can stay here, and Lucy, you can come on now.d. can 表示“可能”在否定句、疑问句、感叹句中还可以表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等含义。例如：This cant be true. Can this be all of your excuse for your being late again?How can you be so rude to your daughter in public!e. can 表“可能”在特殊疑问句中要重读，并带有迷惑不解或不耐烦等含义。What can he mean?Where can he have gone to?How can you raise such a foolish question? 【must的意义和用法】1、表示必须a. 表示说话人的主观意志，或要求对方必须做某事，例如：You must arrive here by ten. In England, traffic must keep to the left.You mustnt talk like that. They mustnt stay here any longer.b. 在某些以you为主语的疑问句或if-分句中，还可以表示某种感情色彩，如表示说话人对听话人的某种做法的反感等。例如：Must you make so much noise? If you must smoke, smoke in the toilet.- Who is the girl standing by the door? - If you must know, Her name is Jane Kerry. 2、表示必然，表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事情。All men must die. (All men will certainly die.)Bad seeds must bring bad crops. Careless driving must cause accidents. 注意：must的这一用法一般不用于否定句或疑问句。3、表示推测，指说话人看来一定是、必然是。c. 一般也只用于肯定陈述句，It must be very late because the streets are empty.There must be a mistake. He must be enjoying himself.You must be feeling very tire.Whenever I tell my daughter to do something, she must do the opposite. d. 推测过去时间发生的事态，就用must + 不定式的完成体或完成进行体，例You must have met my brother in the tea party last night.Why isnt he here? He must have missed the train.You must have left your computer in the taxi. e. 当must 用于推测意义时，其否定形式通常不是mustnt， 而是cant， 例如：You cant be very hungry. Its only 9 oclock.- The six of us went to Beijing in Johns car last week.- Your journey cant have been very comfortable.It cant be my father, because he doesnt know I am here. That man cant be Lucys husband because he doesnt wear glasses. 【ought to的意义和用法】a. 表示应该这里ought to的语气明显不如must(必须)。说话人对所说的应该做的事情是否真会 实现缺乏充分的信心。例如： You ought to leave early tomorrow. ( 试比较：You must leave early tomorrow.)b. ought to不定式的完成体，表示过去应该做某事而实际未做，有批评之意。例如： You ought to have helped him. (But you didnt.) He ought to have been more careful. ( He was not careful enough.) You oughtnt to have scolded the boy. (It was not his fault.)c. ought to 和should可以互换使用，只有语气上的微弱差别。例如： Ought I to go? = Should I go? (前句听起来很不自然) My son ought to go to school, oughtnt he/shouldnt he? d. 表示推测： Mary Black ought to be home by now. This is where the gold ought to be. 比较语气： You cant have any difficulty getting the tickets. You oughtnt to have any difficulty getting the tickets.【will的意义和用法】1、表示愿意， 例如： All of us will help you out of trouble. Who will go with me? Will Alice accept my invitation? 2、表示意图， 例如： I will write to her tomorrow. Why will you go there? Ill have a beer. I dont care for whisky. We wont stay longer than a week. 3、表示坚持，（WILL在这一用法中必须重读，而且不能缩略. 例如： I will (= am determined to) do as I like. I will take the job and no one is going to stop me. Will 的这个用法并不是很常见。如果用于第二、第三人称则带有说话人对某人的顽固 态度颇为生气的含义。例如： He wont do what he is told. (He insists on not doing what he is told.) If you will go, you may go at once. My daughter will do whatever he prefers to do. 4、表示预见 a.表示对某种必然进程的揣想。例如：I think she will be all right now. (我想她现在一定好了。) By now he will be eating dinner. （现在他一定是在吃饭。）That will be the milkman. (一定是送牛奶的来了。) b.表示某种不受时限的必然会发生的情况。例如： Oil will float on water. Pigs will eat anything that comes to their mouths. c.表示某种习惯。例如： A lion will attack a man only when hungry. Before any major examination, he will stay in the library for days and nights. The old woman will sit in front of her house for hours, waiting for her son to come back home from the front. 【shall的意义和用法】1、 表示愿意，一般用于第二、第三人称的主语，表示说话人的愿意；在疑问句中是征询 听话人是否愿意。 You say you will not do it, but I say you shall do it. Shall my daughter do your shopping for you? Shall the young man have another try? Shall you take a holiday in August? 2、 表示意图，一般只用于第一人称主语，和will可以互换，在疑问句中是征询听话人的 意见或意图。例如： I shall/will write to her tomorrow. I shant /wont go if it rains. Shall I carry your suitcase? (Do you want me to carry your suitcase?) Shall we have dinner together. 3、 表示坚持， 只用于第二、第三人称主语，重读，表示说话人强烈的意志和决心(命令、 承诺、威胁)，例如： You shall obey my orders. No one shall stop me. If you tried to kill anyone, you shall be punished. The interest shall be divided between the five brothers. 【should的意义和用法】should不同于shall的意义和用法a. 表示“应当”；b. 表示“揣想和推测”；c. 用在that引起的从句中，表示惊讶、遗憾、放心等情绪；d. 用在表示情绪的问句中。（这类问句常不需回答）；e. 用在that引起的从句中，表示规定或要求做的事情，（有时可以和shall换用）；f. 用于目的状语从句中，表示“竟会”，用should 表示强烈的情绪；g. 表示一种多余的担心，“万一”。 例句：a. One should not tell lies. You should be more careful. b. You should be able to recognize her handwriting.c. It is a pity that he should have lost all his money.There is no reason why he should fail.d. Why should I fear? (There is no reason why I should fear.)e. The sentence（判决） is that he (should) be hanged. f. What have I done that you should be so angry? g. What can we do if it should rain tomorrow? 具体考点解析【考点一、表示推测的情态助动词的区别问题】表示推测含义的情态动词有may, might, can, could , must, should, ought to.A. 从语气上讲，may, can, must 语气从弱到强，另might, could除了分别表示may, can 的 过去式外，从语气上也分别弱于may, can。B. 从句式上讲，may一般不用于疑问句，can一般不用于肯定句（could有时可用于肯定 句，表示对某事把握不大），must 只用于肯定句。如：A: Look, someone is coming. Who can it be?B: It may be our headmaster.A: It cant be him. He has gone to Shanghai. B: So, it must be Mr. Zhang. He looks quite like our headmaster. C. should/ ought to 可表示按某种约定、义务或其他前提情况判断“该了”。如：Its seven oclock. He should come here at any moment.If she started the work at 8, she should (ought to) have finished it by now.D. 情态动词表示推测的含义，其反意疑问句部分应将猜测成分去掉，用动词原来的形式。They must be waiting for us at the gate now, arent they?It must have rained last night, didnt it?You must have learned ten lessons by now, havent you? 【考点二、情态助动词完成体的区别问题】一、考查学生是否知道该题是一般体还是完成体的问题；二、考查不同的情态助动词完成体的区别问题。(年福建卷)- Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you. - Thanks. You _it, I could manage it myself. A. neednt do B. neednt have done C. mustnt do D. shouldnt have done 情态助动词完成体may/might have done 当时可能会做 must have done 当时肯定做了 cant/couldnt have done 当时不可能没有能力做 could have done 本来有能力有可能做但是没有做 should have done 本来应该做但是没有做 shouldnt have done 本来不应该做但是做了 neednt have done 本来没有必要做，但是做了 Many scientists hold the opinion that Mars _ life millions of years ago. A. could support B. could have supported C. should support D. should have supported【考点三、几个重要的个性】 个性一、may表示“让步”和“祝福”的用法；个性二、can表示由于客观原因而形成的能力的用法；个性三、cant作为must（推测）的否定形式的用法；个性四、can在肯定陈述中表示逻辑事实推理的用法；个性五、must在某些以you为主语的疑问句或if-分句中，还可以表示某种感情色彩，如表示说话人对听话人的某种做法的反感等的用法；个性六、will表示“愿意”或“意志”的用法；个性七、will表示“习惯”的用法；个性八、shall在疑问句中是征询听话人的意愿或意图的用法；个性九、shall表示坚持，用于第二、第三人称主语，重读，表示说话人强烈的意志和决心(命令、承诺、威胁)的用法；个性十、should的各种用法，尤其是表示一种多余的担心，“万一”的用法。 巩固练习一、【夯实基础】1. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. A. might B. should C. can D. will2. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life _ so happy!A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt3. You had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday, _?A. had you B. hadnt you C. did you D. didnt you4. I should have been there, but I _ not find the time. A. would B. could C. might D. should5. - Will you stay for lunch?- Sorry, _. My brother is coming to see me.A. I mustnt B. I cant C. I neednt D. I wont6. - When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.- They _ be ready by 12:00.A. can B. should C. might D. need7. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 8. Johnny, you _ play with the knife; you _ hurt yourself. A. wont; can B. mustnt; may C. shouldnt; must D. cant; should9. - There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.- It _ a comfortable journey.A. cant be B. shouldnt be C. mustnt have been D. couldnt have been 10. Its nearly seven oclock; Jack _ be here at any moment.A. must B. need C. should D. can11. - Shall I tell John about it?- No, you _. Ive told him already.A. neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. shouldnt12. Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.A. must B. may C. can D. will13. - Could I borrow your dictionary? - Yes, of course you _.A. might B. will C. can D. should14. A computer _ think for itself; it must be told what to do. A. cant B. couldnt C. may not D. might not15. I didnt hear the phone. I _ asleep. A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been16. - Are you coming to Jeffs party?- Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. must B. would C. should D. might17. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave18. I hear youve got a set of valuable Australian coins. _ I have a look?A. Do B. May C. Will D. Should19. - Is John coming by train? - He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D. may20. - The room is so dirty. _ we clean it? - Of course.A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do21. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.A. should B. can C. must D. will 22. It has been announced that candidates _ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. A. can B. will C. may D. shall 23. - I heard they went skating in the mountains last winter. - It _ true because there was little snow there. A. may not be B. wont be C. couldnt be D. mustnt be 24. Oh, Im not feeling well in the stomach. I _ so much fried chicken just now. A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eaten C. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat 25. Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter _ go and do the opposite! A. may B. can C. must D. should 26. How _ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article? A. can B. must C. need D. may 27. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers _ not like the design of the furniture. A. must B. shall C. may D. need 28. - Isnt that Anns husband over there? - No, it _ be him- Im sure he doesnt wear glasses. A. cant B. must not C. wont D. may not 29. - Who is the girl standing over there? - Well, if you _ know, her name is Mabel. A. may B. can C. must D. shall 30. Children under 12 years of age in that country _ be under adult supervision when in a public library. A. must B. may C. can D. need 31. “The interest _ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. A. may B. should C. must D. shall 32. - Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. - You _ her last week. A. ought to tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have told 33. I _ pay Tracy a visit, but Im not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. A. should B. might C. would D. could 34. - I dont mind telling you what I know. - You _. Im not asking you for it. A. mustnt B. may not C. cant D. neednt 35. - Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. - You _ have my computer if you dont take care of it. A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt 36. - Excuse me. Is this the right way to the Summer Palace? - Sorry, I am not sure. But it _ be. A. might B. will C. must D. can 37. - Mum, Ive been studying English since 8 oclock. _ I go out and play with Tom for a while? - No, Im afraid not. Besides, its raining outside now. A. Cant B. Wouldnt C. May not C. Wont 38. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _ report it to the police? A. should B. may C. will D. can 39. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up. A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving 40. You _ be tired- youve only been working for an hour. A. must not B. wont C. cant D. may not 二、【真题实战2005】1. Tom, you _ leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (全国I) A. wouldnt B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not 2. John, look at the time. _ you play the piano at such a late hour? (全国II) A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need 3. He _ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside. A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant (北京卷)4. There _ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. (上海卷) A. mustnt be B. shant C. shouldnt D. neednt 5. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, _? A. wasnt there B. was there C. didnt it D. did it (同上)6. They have a good knowledge of English but little _ they know about German. (天津卷) A. have B. did C. had D. do 7. I _ have been more than six years old when the accident happened. (同上) A. shouldnt B. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt 8. - Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you. - Thanks. You _it, I could manage it myself. (福建卷) A. neednt do B. neednt have done C. mustnt do D. shouldnt have do