名词和冠词Microsoft Word 文档.doc

第一讲：名词与冠词前言： 近几年高考名词的考查，多与冠词一起进行，但完形填空中对名词的考查一直是重点，且考查范围较广。其命题趋势仍将是： 在不同语言环境中去识别词义，进行词义辨析。因此，考生不仅要弄清词义，而且也要把握好语言环境，在单项填空、完形填空中这类试题会继续出现。建议考生在复习中注意名词的词义辨析。此外，还应注意名词的可数与不可数及其相互转化、抽象名词具体化、物质名词的量化、名词在特殊情况下复数的使用、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词的固定搭配等。名词、冠词系统化思路：_ _。我们带着这个思路展开。基本概念： 名词是表示人、事物、地方、现象及其他抽象概念名称的词，可以分为_（Proper Nouns）和_(Common Nouns）。专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。（后面单独讲）普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，又可分为下面四类（下面一个一个的来看，重点思考其_与_）：1 _（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体 。（虽然多但有具体性）个体名词都是可数名词：a book, a box, a boy, a desk , a wall, a building, a professor-。 2_（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体（不分可数性与不可数性只分单数概念与复数概念）。（虽然复杂但具有有限性）分三类：一是表_,只有复数概念 ：police, cattle, people(folk), 等，在句中通常作复数用，后接复数动词。如：ThepeopleofNorway（挪威）arecalledNorwegians. 注：一头牛 a head of cattle 两头牛 two head of cattle （两颗卷心菜two heads of cabbage）一群牛a herd of cattle 。 可以说a prize cattle 一头获奖的牛；现代英语可说many cattle。 police前一般用the,可受 their,these和most,many, several, dozens of等表不确切的量词修饰，也可受二以上的基数词修饰但不可用a或one修饰.另外，比较：Where is the police?警察局在哪？Where are the police?警察在哪？ 二是表_,只有单数概念：luggage=baggage, furniture, stationery, jewellery, equipment, machinery， weaponry, poetry, hardware (金属器皿)，如：Modernmachineryhasbeeninstalled（安装）inthisworkshop（车间）. 三是_，如: family,government,committee,class,college,audience,public,crew,enemy, team,group,village,crowd,party,company, club, nation，youth，jury(陪审团)，staff(工作人员)，couple等，_。如：Thefootballteamisplayingwell.(整个球队踢得不错。)。 The public is/are a best judge. 但要与句中的代词、名词保持一致。The family is very big. The family are very early risers. a family一个家庭 many families 很多家庭练习：(1). _on grass. A Cattle feed B Cattle feeds C A cattle feeds D Cattles feed(2)The cowboys herded the cattle and drove _to market. A them B it C him D one(3)_arrested（逮捕）all the suspects(嫌疑犯).A Police have B A police has C The police have D The police has（4）The police _an organization which protects the public from harm .A are B is (5) It was unfair that the public_not asked for their opinions. A were B was (6)Some _were standing near the bus stop. A youth B youths(7) The _ of the county are ready to fight. A youth B youths(8)He lost his _a long time ago. A youth B youths3 （具有复杂性）_（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，又称材料名词 。如：air, water, sand, flour（面粉）, steel, iron, paper(纸)-物质名词一般不可数，但有些物质名词可以种类化或词义变化，此时又成了可数名词。 如：_更多例子：food食物 foods各类食物 ；fruit水果 fruits各类水果 ，metal金属 metals各类金属 sand沙子 sands一片沙漠，waters水域（词义扩大化）；steel钢 steels各种钢材 ，tea茶 teas各种茶叶 tobacco烟草 tobaccos各类烟草 wheat小麦 wheats各种小麦；coffee(咖啡)a coffee(一杯咖啡)tea(茶)a tea(一杯茶) 4 （具有复杂性）_（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念 。如：surprise, fun, joy, progress, success, failure-.只表概念时用作不可数，但有些抽象名词可以具体化或加“一”的概念，此时又成了可数名词。 如：_更多例子：beauty(美，美貌)a beauty(一个美人或一件美物)danger(危险)a danger(一件危险的事或一个危险的人)failure(失败)a failure(一件失败的事或一个失败的人)honour(光荣)an honour(一个带来荣誉的人或一件带来荣誉的事)must(必须)a must(一件必要的事或物)worry(担心)a worry(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人)experience经验experiences具体经历； fear恐惧 fears种种担心 ；friendship友谊 friendships表示友谊的事例； joy欢乐 joys令人快慰的人或事 ；kindness善意；盛情美意 kindnesses善行由以上可知：不能随便说哪一个物质、抽象名词是un.还是cn. 主要由这个名词在语境中的句意决定。物质名词、抽象名词练习：（1）A cat prefers_to _(rabbit; fish)/ He bought 4 _from the market(rabbit)（2）She prefers tea to _(coffee)/ Two _,please! (coffee)（3）Houses were built of _(stone)/ I have _ in my shoe. (stone)（4）There was _heavy rain last night.（5）Some of the best _ are grown in Turkey.(tobacco)/_can be made into _(cigarette) （6）The children are playing on the _(sand)（7）This kind of fish is found in fresh _(water)/Fresh _can be drunk(water)（8）His wife is now in _(danger)/ The sailor could be _(danger)（9）Ill come with _(pleasure)/ It was _great pleasure to be with you this evening.（10）（friendship）True _should last forever. He held out his hand in _ .I have a friendship for him(我对他有好感) I have a friendship with him（我与他有交情 ）It was _ of twenty yiars(11)She will take _after supper.(walk)(12) They said _goodbye to each other in _hurry. A a ; a B ; C ; a D a ; (13)They got into _panic when the building caught_ fire. A a ; a B ; C ; a D a ; (14)The girl is on _diet. A a B (15)(birth) The baby weighed seven pounds at _/ Cats sometimes have four or five young at _/She is Russian by _and British by marriage, /-give _to a child /There were 167more _than deaths in the town last year. （16）Youd better feed the baby some more stewed (炖的)_ . A apples B apple以上是基本的、必备的，也是充分的。以下是小常识：（简单的 学生自己看） (1)有些名词只用作复数或在一些固定用法中只用作复数， 如：make preparations for sth.(prepare for sth.)， repairs(repair work)，manners(礼貌)，clothes(衣服)， things(情况)， su rroundings/circumstances(环境), giveregardsto问候。 takepains下功夫(2)成双成对的东西一般只用作复数，如：scissors(剪刀)， trousers，shorts(短裤)，socks(短袜)，stockings(长统袜), glasses (眼镜), compasses(圆规)，pants裤子，gloves手套，boots靴子若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers（3）绝对不可数名词：fun，advice（建议）但advices(劝告)，news，information，progress，clothing，luggage，word(消息)，man “人类”，equipment(而a tool; an instrument)，furniture，work (工作),homework，housework, weather(有时in all weathers)，wealth(a wealth of 大量-),health, luck, music, traffic(而 a vehicle), laughter,photography, scenery(a scene ), jewellery(a jewel),company(伙伴)（而a companion)，gethave access to (但an approach to) 等。即使有些可以具体化但形势上英国人习惯用作不可数。（4）名词复数的变化 1） 绝大多数在词尾加s。如book- books; bag-bags; cup-cups; face-faces.2） 以ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的名词加es。如：watch-watches; brush-brushes; hero-heroes; class-classes;但 stomachs以辅音字母加o结尾的词大都加-es： heroheroes(英雄)，NegroNegroes(黑人),potatopotatoes(马铃薯)， tomatotomatoes(蕃茄)， echoechoes(回声) , torpedotorpedoes(鱼雷) 注1：词末为两个元音字母的词则加-s bamboobamboos(竹) studiostudios(画室) radioradios(无线电) zoozoos(动物园) 注2：以辅音加o结尾的词，其中有少数系外来词，这些外来词变复数时词尾加-s ： photophotos(照片)kilokilos(公斤)，pianopianos(钢琴) ，zero(e)s,volcano(e)s火山， tobaccotobacco（e）s (烟草) , mosquito(e)s蚊子，3） 以辅音字母y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。例如：baby-babies; family-families;4）以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：shelfshelves(书架) thiefthieves(贼) knifeknives(小刀) loafloaves(一只/几只面包) lifelives(生命) wifewives(妻子) halfhalves(一半) wolfwolves(狼)leafleaves(树叶) 但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有： roofroofs(屋顶) proofproofs(证明；校样) chiefchiefs(头头) beliefbeliefs(信念) safesafes(保险箱) reefreefs(暗礁) cliffcliffs(峭壁) gulfgulfs(海湾) 注：有少数词可有两种复数形式： scarf(围巾) scarfs scarves ； handkerchief(手帕)handkerchiefs handkerchiefs 5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记：man-men; woman-women; goosegeese; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; child-children; mousemice；ox -oxenmouthful-mouthsful/mouthfuls,spoonful-spoonsful/spoonfuls,；penny-pence表面值/pennies表钱数； basis-bases; analysis-analyaes；datum-data;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-media;注意：Your 7s and 9s look alike. Dont use too many buts.6) 合成词的复数变化形式:与man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman-two Englishmen。将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief总编辑,passers-by过路人 mothers-in-law 岳母如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如：grown-ups成年人，go-betweens中间人man-eaters (吃人的动物) 7）少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese(葡萄牙人) ，Vietnamese(越南人)，Swiss, sheep, deer, fish, ， means，works（工厂）, species, series, aircraft ，spacecraft(宇宙飞船) ，crossroads,bison(也可用bisons)8）the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。9) 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。但the Olympic Games 为复数以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。10）一词多义的常见词汇：iron(铁)an iron(一个熨斗)，paper纸-a paper 论文、报纸、考卷， character性格、性质-a Chinese character 汉字，chicken鸡肉-a chicken 小鸡，orange橘子汁、肉-an orange 一个橘子, study学习-a study书房-studies 各门功课的学习，exercise锻炼、运动-exercises体操、练习，green绿色-greens青菜练习：(1)Please give my _to your family. A regards B regard (2) I often take _with me when I go travelling. A two clothes B two suits/sets of clothes C two clothings D two cloths(3) The trousers _been worn out, so I want to throw _away and buy a new _. A have;them;one B has;it;pair C have;them;pair D have; it;one(4)It is_great fun to have _bath after work.A a; a B a; C ; D ; a (5) It is_great pleasure/joy to have _bath after work. A a; a B a; C ; D ; a (6) He has made _progress this term.A many B a certain C a big D few (7) I wish you _good luck A a B (8)He left the room with _laugh.或with_laughter . a (9) He stayed at home to keep his wife _company. A B a(10) _ feed on grass mainly. A Sheeps B A sheep C Sheep D An sheep (11)These steel works _ to the boss . A belong B belongs This steel works belongs to the boss. (12)It is _work of art that everyong wants to have a look at it. A so unusual B such unusual C such an unusual D so unusual这里要再提一下people，其用法如下： a.(泛指)人们 Peoplewilllaughatyouifyoudothat. b.(前面有定冠词the)人民thepeople Atruestatesmanwasintheinterestofthepeople.(真正的政治家是为人民的利益而工作的。) c.作“民族、种族”解(前面用冠词或用复数) TheChineseareanindustrialandbravepeople.(中国人民是勤劳勇敢的民族。) theEnglish-speakingpeoplesintheworld(世界上讲英语的民族) d.表示属于特定场所的人们，或个人的家族、近亲(前面用定冠词或my、his等物主代词) Thelibrarypeople(图书馆的人)alwaysgiveusalotofhelpwhenwegothere. Myhusbandspeople(我丈夫家里的人)arestayingwithusnow. Howareyourpeople？(你家里的人好吗?) 这些不能以复数形式出现 名词作定语 表时间、地点、材料、用途、类别、性别的名词常可用来作定语。如：London Airport, summer holiday , a gold chain, a milk cup, a weather report, an energy crisis, a mother crocodile(鳄鱼)。1.用名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，通常用单数形式。如： tooth brushes牙刷；book marks书签；pencil boxes铅笔盒；two classroom buildings两栋教学楼。two stone desks两张石桌子 2.man和woman这两个词比较特殊，用单数还是复数取决于被修饰的名词。如：a man doctor一名男大夫；two men doctors 两名男大夫。但girl与boy作定语时仍用单数形式，如：many boy students许多男学生。3.还有少数名词用其复数形式作定语，如：a clothes shop一家服装店；a sports man一个运动员；a sports meeting一场运动会；a customs officer一位海关官员；a goods train一列货车；a sales manager ，a greetings telegram问候电报，an Arts degree文科学士，savings bank储蓄银行，练习：He dropped the _and broke it. A cup of coffee B coffees cup C cup for coffee D coffee cup名词的所有格（简单的学生自己看）名词的所有格有两种形式：1. 是由名词词尾加s来构成，多用来表示有生命的东西。2.是由of加名词构成，多用来表示无生命的东西。但要注意以下情况：1）如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。如：TomandMikesroom汤姆和迈克合住的房间TomsandMikesrooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间2）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop, house等名词。如：thetailors裁缝店，thebarbers(shop)理发店，gotothedoctors上诊所，atmyuncles在我叔叔家, at Jacks house, at Mr Greens house, at the Greens home3）复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如：a month or twos absence4）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示所有格。如：todaysnewspaper; halfanhoursrest; twoweekswork; tenminutes walk ; Chinaspopulation; Shanghaisindustry5) 凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。6）表示所属物的名词前如有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。 名词双重所有格 1）n + of +名词的所有格/名词性物主代词, 如：a friend of my mothers a friend of mine2）双重所有格中，of短语所修饰的名词前可加表数的限定词a, an, one, two, some, several, a few, many, any, no等。如： Some friends of my sisters will go with us.3) 双重所有格中，of短语所修饰的名词前可加指示代词 this, that, these, those等, 表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。 如： This little cat of your sisters is really a dear. That dog of Johns is always making troubles.of所有格的用法: (1)用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair；the cover of the book。(2)用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first year students。(3)用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed(被压迫者)。练习：（1） Miss Smith is a friend of _. A Marys mothers B Marys mother C Mothers of Mary D Mary mothers(2) The other day we dropped in_ the Smiths. A on B at (3) Some other day we will drop in _ Mr Smiths. A on B at (4).（09江西卷23）The _ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them offbefore they got into _ car. A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms 名词、冠词进一步系统化思路：要想量化地运用冠词需掌握名词的可数性与不可数性，还要掌握此名词在句中是表独指、泛指（等同于类指）还是特指。只要掌握了这套方法就可以解决一切冠词的基本用法。下面详细例示此法（三步法）：例题1：The warmth of _sweater will of course be determined by the sort of_wool used. A the ;the B the ; C ;the D ; 一步，_二步，_。三步，_；_.接着看例题，可数名词sweater在句中表泛指（因为没有指明是具体的哪一件）故可用the sweatera sweatersweaters; 不可数名词wool也是表泛指（因为羊毛衫都没有确定是具体的哪一件，所使用的羊毛更未确定）故用原形，所以只有备选答案B正确。例题2：Most animals have little connection with_animals of _different kind unless they kill them for food. 在句中animals为可数名词表_(因为前面的Most animals都未确定)； kind抽象名词_前面需用a ，故用 _ .例题3：Water can be drunk but _water in that basin isnt fit to drink.第一个Water_则用此名词原形，第二个water表_故用the.特指、泛指巩固练习：1 不可数名词前的冠词(1)_is white. (snow) (2) _in front of the window has melted. (snow)(3) There was _ heavy snow last night. (4)_ means honest,solid knowledge (science) (5) Phenetic is _of speech sounds. (science)(6) Physics is _.(science) (7) Unity is _.(strength) （8）Jacob is a man of great _. (strength) (9) The regiment(兵团) has _of about 3000. (strength) (10) Do you like _?(music) (11) Do you like _of the film? (music) (12)_is pleasant, but the film is boring. (music) (13) She loves _(life) (14) Here is _of struggle(life) (15) He is studying _of Beethoven. (life)2 可数名词前的冠词一、_（_）（1）_journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write _article . When _article arrived, _editor read _first sentence and then refused to publish it.（2）Shut _door,please! （3）How is _cough today? （4）He turned on _radio. （5）Which do you think is _better dictionary of the two (6) This is _very drink for hot weather .Keys:（1）A ;an ;the; the（2）the（3）the（4）the（5）the (6) the二、_(有三种表达法，请区别它们的强调点)Dogs are faithful animals. A dog is a faithful animal. The dog is a f aithful animal.（1）Grapes are much cheaper today.日常生活语体常用复数 （2）A force is a push or a pull下定义常用单数（3）He is _businessman, not a scholar.对比是某类而不是另一类，泛指一个人的职业、身份时用aan ( a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前，)。（4）Is the tractor or the harvester more urgently needed? 又如：The tiger and the cat belong to the same family of mammals.在科技语体中，把一个类属与另一个类属相互比较区别时常用the.（5）_is in danger of becoming extinct. A The whale B A whale C Whale D Whales首次出现和最后灭绝的事物前须用the. 又如：The compass was first invented in China.但Who invented television?(谁发明了电视技术television在此为un.)关于_: 一些名词如the sunmoonearthskyuniverseNorth PoleEquator world不管是泛泛而谈还是特指都用the但此名词普通化时可用aan.（1）A soft breeze(微风) was blowing; _moon hung low in _sky.A the ;a B the ;the C a ; a D a; the（2）Look! A big red sun is rising.（3）What _stormy-lookig sky! A a B an C the D 专有名词：1 专有名词本身已具有确定特指的含义，无须再加以限定（如：Tom,China, Beijing University, Beijing airport, Professor Li, National Day,January, Sunday, English ）, 但有些专有名词本身带有冠词(如:the Himalayas, the Spring Festival)2.专有名词数的转化 Fox福克斯(指一人) theFoxes(指Fox一家) ；RobertJones theRobertJoneses(指该人一家) 注：姓变复数时指该姓的一家人，但前面须加the。 Mary twoMarys (指两个名叫Mary的人) 3专有名词的普通化 He is a Kong Fansen. （1）_modern, powerful socialist China will have been built by the end of the century. A The B A C An D（2）He is now _different Tom from what he was before. A the B a C an D（3）I found _Qi Bai-shi among the exhibits.A the B a C an D（4）There is _ John waiting at the gate for you. A the B a C an D（5）What is _English for “labour”? A the B a C an D下面是从另外的角度来学习冠词用法(包括冠词的特殊用法)冠词常考查a和an的用法区别、定冠词和不定冠词的用法区别、冠词的习惯搭配、有无冠词含义的差异、名词表类别时与冠词的搭配形式等。简单地说，解答冠词题可用汉语翻译法，如果译文为“(某)一个”，常用不定冠词；若被翻译成“这个/那个/这些/那些”，要用定冠词。一、不定冠词的用法1.指一类人或事物(即泛指的一种)A car runs faster than a truck.小汽车比卡车跑得快。2.指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物（即不确定特指）A Mr Li is waiting for you outside.一位李先生在外面等你。(不知道那位李先生是谁)3.表示“计量”，指次数、价格、速度等，意为“每一”。 He goes home to see his parents once a month.他每月回家一次去看父母。4. 用于quite，rather，many，half，what，such之后He was quite a good musician.他是位相当优秀的音乐家。5.用于so(as，too，how)形容词之后The garden seemed small for so large a house.这座花园对于这样大的一幢房子来说似乎小了。6.不定冠词还可以用于“a mostadj.n.”结构，注意在句中没有表示可比较的范围状语，这时“most”相当于“very”Xiamen is a most beautiful coastal city and Ill come for a second time.厦门是个非常美丽的海滨城市，我还要再来一次。7.不定冠词还可以用于“a比较级名词”结构，与否定词连用时，表示“从来没有比这更”，具有最高级含义I have never spent a more worrying day. 我从未度过过这样烦人的一天。8 说明事物的同一性质,特征,程度或大小表示“相同”They are all of a size. We are nearly of an age.9.如果由and连接的两个名词