复数的变化.doc

1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2、不规则变化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk.15 构成法：一个名词如果表示一个或一样东西，它取单数形式，如pen，dog，tree，fact，church，kiss.如果表示两个或更多这类东西，则需用名词的复数形式，如pens，dogs，trees，facts，churches，kisses.构成名词复数，大多数是在单数形式后加-s或-es，有下面6种情况：a在单数形式后直接加-s：girl girls hat hatsneck necks tree treespencil pencils kind kingsb如单数名词以s，x，sh，ch或z结尾，需在后面加-es：kiss kisses church churchesfox foxes match matchestax taxes watch watchesdish dishes branch branchesbrush brushes buzz buzzesc以y结尾的词，变y为i，再加-es：lady ladies army armiesbaby babies story storiessoliloquy soliloquies colloquy colloquies如果y前还有一个元音字母，则直接加-s：day days key keysboy boys monkey monkeysd以o结尾的词，多数加-s：demo demos inferno infernoskilo kilos tempo temposcello cellos memo memosbanjo banjos octavo octavospiano pianos canto cantosdynamo dynamos tobacco tobaccossolo solos photo photoscameo cameos ratio ratios以“元音字母+o”结尾的词，一概加-s：curios，rodeos，bamboos，tattoos，但有少数以o 结尾的词后需加-es：echo，echoes； embargo，embargoes； jingo，jingoes； torpe- do；torpedoes；veto，vetoes；hero，heroes；negro，ne-groes；potato，potatoes；mosquito，mosquitoes；go，goes；no，noes；motto，mottoes其他以o结尾的词，一般既可加-s，也可加-es：zero，zeros，zeroes；halo，halos，haloes；mango，mangos，mangoes此外还有：motto；tornado；volcano；cargo；buffalo；commandoe以f或fe结尾的词，多数直接加-s：chief chiefs reef reefscliff cliffs cuff cuffsroof roofs fife fifesbelief beliefs safe safesgulf gulfs strife strifes但有几个名词，需变f为v，再加es：elf elves leaf leavescalf calves thlef thlevesshelf shelves loaf loaveshalf halves life livesself selves wife wiveswolf wolves knife knives有个别名词，可加-s或-es：hoof hoofs，hooves wharf wharfs，wharvesscarf scarfs，scarves dwarf dwarfs，dwarvesbeef beefs，beeves staff staffs，staves16 词尾读音：-s或-es 可读作s，iz或z：a在清辅音（Voiceless Consonant）后读s，如：cupsk)ps，shapesMeips，hats h$ts，datesdeits，dochsd&ks，lakesleiks，monarchsm&n+ks，fifesfaifs，roofsru：fs，laughsla:fs，coughsk&fs，pho-tographs f+t+gra:fs在th后多数读s，如： clothskl&Is，monthm)nIs，mythsmiIs但在少数情况下也读z，如：pathpa:I，pathspa: J zoath+uI，oaths+uJzmouthmauI，mouthsmauJzwreathri:I，wreathsri:Jzbathba:I，bathsba:Jzth 前有长元音或双元音时读作： youthsju:Jz，truthstruJz，sheathsMi:Jzb在s，z，M，tM，DN等音后读iz：kisseskisiz foxesf&ksizdishe