定语从句专题.docx

定语从句专题（一）一、概念：1. 定语从句: 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。根据定语从句与先行词之间的紧密程度，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种；根据关系词在定语从句的不同作用，可将定语从句分为关系词（关系代词/关系副词）类引导的定语从句和“介词+关系词”类引导的定语从句。2. 先行词：被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,在非限定性定语从句中，先行词也可是整个主句的内容。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。3.关系词种类及作用：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词；关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词有：that, which, who, whom ,whose, as (绝对没有what)；关系副词有: where, when, why。关系词的作用及特点：连接主从句，指代先行词，在定语从句中作成分；其中关系词一定要在从句中充当成分，是其最主要的特点。【注意】 先行词、关系词、从句是定语从句的三要素，三者缺一不可，其中定语从句要位于先行词的后面，关系词一定要在从句中充当成分。从句是相对于主句而言的，一个完整、准确的句子要主句和从句齐全，不能只有定语从句而没有主句或主从句不分。请指出下列句中的错误: Our English teacher who is very strict with us.二、关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句1、关系代词和关系副词的用法关系词一定要在从句中充当成分，其中关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分；而关系副词要在从句中充当状语表地点、时间或原因。具体如下：关系代词被代指的先行词在从句中所作的成分which事或物主语、宾语that事物或人主语、宾语、表语who人主语、（宾语）whom人宾语whose人或事物定语as 事物或人主语、宾语、表语关系副词所指代的先行词在从句中的作用转换形式when时间（time/day/hour/year.）时间状语on/in/at+whichwhere地点(place/house/factory)地点状语at/in /on+ whichwhy原因 (reason)原因状语for which 注意： 关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的特点由关系代词引导的定语从句，从句成分不完整，即要么缺主语，要么宾语，要么缺表语或定语；由关系副词引导的定语从句，从句主、宾、表（定）成分完整，但根据句意缺一个表时间、地点或原因的状语。 状语含义: 在句中表示时间的介词短语叫时间状语;表示地点的介词短语叫地点状语;表示原因的介词短语叫原因状语。 关系副词在从句中作状语的含义:关系副词when/where/why所指代的表示时间/地点/原因(reason)的先行词添上相应的介词构成介词短语在定语从句中分别充当时间状语/地点状语/原因状语。2. 判断选用关系代词或选用关系副词的方法根据上面所述关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的特点可知，判断选用关系代词和关系副词的选择标准不是看先行词的内容，而是根据先行词（关系词）在定语从句作何种成分而定，若作状语，则用关系副词或介词+关系代词的形式;若作主语、宾语、表语，则用关系代词。所以，表示时间/地点/原因(reason)的先行词,其引导词并非一定是when/where/why。具体的解题技巧有如下两种： 看从句成分是否完整: 若从句成分不完整，即缺主语、宾语或表（定语）语），则选用关系代词形式；若从句主语、宾语或表语等成分完整（谓语动词是不及物动词时，没有宾语只有主谓部分也算完整），则选用关系副词或介词+关系代词形式。 看从句的谓语动词：若谓语动词（短语）是及物动词（短语），后面无宾语，就必须用关系代词形式；若谓语动词（短语）是不及物动词（短语），则用关系副词或介词+关系代词形式。用恰当的关系词完成下列句子：Well remember those days _we played together. Well remember those days _we spent together.Well never forget the small village _we spent our holiday last month.This is the factory _ we visited last year. This is the factory _ we worked together.The reason _he gave me was not reasonableI dont know the reason _he didnt do his homework.典题：1. That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. (2012全国卷II)A. that B. which C. what D. when2. By 16:30, _ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. (2012江西)A. which B. when C. what D. that3. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. (2006上海)A. where B. when C. which D. what4. They will fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days.（2008 重庆卷）A. where B. there C. which D. when 3. whose引导的定语从句的用法 whose 引导定语从句时，在从句中作定语，译为“.的”，表所属关系，先行词可以是人，也可以是物。We went to see our teacher whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.He lives in the room whose window faces to the south.注意： “whose+n” 结构中，名词前不可加定冠词the.He lives in the room whose the window faces to the south. ()”whose +n.” 常可用”the +n.+ of which/whom”或 ”of which /whom the+ n”形式进行替换。He passed me the book, whose cover was yellow.= He passed me the book, the cover of which was yellow.= He passed me the book, of which the cover was yellow.解题技巧：若关系词后面的名词（其前不含the）与其前面的先行词构成所属关系，便可选用whose. 典题：1. Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen.（2010山东）A. that B. which C. whose D. what2. The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination. (2011 全国卷I) A. that B. which C. whose D. what3. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails.（2009天津卷） A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever4. Look! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair.A. whose B. which C. of which D. that Look! Dont get too close to the house _ the roof is under repair.A. whose B. which C. of which D. that三、“介词+ 关系代词 (which / whom)”类引导的定语从句由when / where/why 引导的定语从句，有时可用”介词+ 关系代词“ 替换,由此引出另一类定语从句，即：介词+ 关系代词(which / whom)” 引导的定语从句。这类定语从句的特点是：其一，关系代词指代前面的先行词，且不可省略。若指代的是事物，只能用which,不可用that；若指代的是人，只能用whom,不可用who。其二，这类定语从句关键在于正确的选用介词，而介词的选用常遵循以下三个原则1) 根据先行词的搭配习惯The farm on which I worked 5 years ago is more beautiful. (on the farm)The age at which children go to school is seven. (at the age)典题:1. Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered. (2012湖南)A. what B. in what C. which D. in which2. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger. (2005广东)A. in which B. by which C. which D. that 3. The science of medicine _ progress has been rapid lately, is perhaps the most important.A.in which B. which C. with which D. that 4. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree_ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007 重庆)A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which2) 根据从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配习惯。This is the book on which I spent 10 dollars (spend on )This is the book for which I paid 10 dollars (pay for)China is a beautiful country of which we are greatly proud (be proud of)典题：1. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which2. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future. (2010上海)A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which3. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009陕西)A. of which B .with which C. about which D. into which4. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom5. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.A. of which B.by which C. in which D. from which3) 根据所表达意思的需要The colorless gas, without which we cant live is called Oxygen.没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体被称为氧气。The colorless gas is called Oxygen, with which we can rescue patents这种无色气体被称为氧气，用它我们可以拯救病人He was educated at the local school, after which he went on to Beijing University.他在当地的一所高中上的学，之后便上了北大。典题:1. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. （2008福建）A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which2. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _ New York is an example. (2008四川) A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which3. She was educated at Beijing University, _ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (2006陕西) A. after that B. from that C. from which D. after which4. Eric received training in computer for one year, _ he found a job in a big company. (2007 辽宁)A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this5. The patents, for _ life was hard, were determined to have their children better educated.A. whom B. which C. whose D. that四、”(the+名词) / 代词/ 数词+ of +which/whom” 所引导的定语从句这类的定语从句常是非限定性定语从句，主要有以下特点： 此结构中的of 即可表示所属关系，意为“的”；又可表示整体与部分的关系，意为“当中的”。”(the+名词)/ 代词/ 数词+ of +which/whom” 形式也可置换成, ” of +which/whom + (the+名词)/代词/数词”的形式。根据of 的不同意义和作用，此类定语从句又可细分为两种：1. 代词/数词+ of + which/whom 结构这一结构中, of 表示整体与部分的关系，意为当中的”,常用的代词有; both/either/neither/none/some/all/most/few/half /any 等。另外，此结构也可置换成“of +which/whom + 代词/数词”的形式。The man has two sons, both of whom/ of whom both are doctors.那位老人有两个儿子，两个都是医生。Therere many books on the shelf, five of which/ of which five are mine.架子上有许多书，其中五本是我的。There are two buildings, the larger of which/ of which the larger stands nearly 100 feet high.有两座楼，其中较大的那座高达100英尺高。典题：1. Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series.（2012山东）A. them B. that C. which D. what2. In our class there are 46 students, _ half wear glasses. (2012四川)A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them3. Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _ she spoke fluently. (2011湖南)A. who B. whom C. which D. that4. I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed. (2006浙江)A. of that B. of which C. that D. which5. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it. (2007 安徽)A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom2. the + n. + of which/whom 结构这一结构中，of 常表示所属关系，意为“的”；另外，”the + n.+ of which/whom”也可置换成“of which/whom + the + n.”的形式(一定注意the不可漏掉)；还可替换成“whose + n.”的形式。需要强调的是，这一结构中名词前边必须有the,而“whose + n.”结构中，名词前边不加the。（切记不可混淆！）He pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which/of which the hands/whose hands were made of small diamonds.典题：1. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _had taken more than three years.（2011江西）A. for which B. with which C. of whichD. to which2. The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. (2010江苏)A. that B. it C. what D. which The newly built caf, _ walls are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard workA. that B. whose C. what D. which The newly built caf, _ the walls are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard workA. that B. whose C. of which D. which注意： 这类定语从句与并列句之间的联系与区别：The man has two sons, both of whom are doctors. (定语从句)The man has two sons and both of them are doctors.（并列句）The man has two sons, but neither of them are doctors.（并列句）The man has two sons; both of them are doctors.（并列句）He bought a book yesterday, whose author is a teacher. (定语从句)He bought a book yesterday, the author of whom is a teacher. (定语从句)He bought a book yesterday and its author is a teacher.（并列句）由上面这些例子可知，当两个分句用逗号连接时，是定语从句；用分号、并列连词（but/and等）连接时，是并列句,这时句中常用人称代词、物主代词或指示代词。典题：Look! Dont get too close to the house, _ the roof is under repair.Look! Dont get too close to the house and _ roof is under repair.A. whose B. its C. of which D. that “表位置的介词短语（常以of类的介词短语为主）+ 关系代词（which/whom” 引导的定语从句此结构中，介词短语表位置，定语从句常用倒装语序；常用的此类短语有：in front of , at the back of , at the foot of, on the top of 等。They stayed at a hotel, at front of which was a garden.他们住在一家旅馆里，其前有座花园。They climbed up the mountain, at the foot of which lay a village. 他们爬上那座山，山脚下坐落着一个村庄.。Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other. 声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。 五、抽象地点/ 时间名词作先行词引导的定语从句1. 当point（地步，程度）/case（情形）/ stage（地步，阶段）/ situation（情景，形势）/ position（处境，境地，位置）/ condition （状况）/job/race等抽象地点名词作先行词且在在从句中作状语时，常用where 引导。此类名词不表具体意义上的地点,却常用where引导，故称为抽象地点名词。He has reached the point where change is needed.他到了得改弦易张的地步了。There are cases where he gets angry 他也有生气的时候。I has reached the stage where I cant care anymore .我到了什么也不在乎的地步。Until today we have reached a stage where we have almost on rights at all 直到今天，我们已经到了什么权利都没有的地步。Can you think of a situation where this word can be used? 你能想象出这个单词被使用的情景吗？We were put into a position where (in which) we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government. 我们被置于这样一个境地：要么被迫接受低人一等的现实，要么跟政府作斗争。典题:1. Sales director is a position _communication ability is just as important as sales skills.（2012重庆）A. which B. that C. when D. where2. Were just trying to teach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山东卷)A. where B. that C. when D. which3. Today, well discuss a number of cases _beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (2007 陕西) A. which B.as C. why D. where4. Life is like a long race _we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.（2009重庆）A. why B. what C. that D. where5. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. (2007 天津)A. when B. whose C. which D. where6.What do you think of teaching, Bob?I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting.(2009北京）A. where B. which C. when D. that2. 当occasion（场合，时机）、 stay (逗留期间) 名词作先行词且在在从句中作状语时，尽管它们有时表示的时间意义很弱，也习惯用常用when 引导。Occasions are quite rare _I have the time to spend a day with my kids. (2008 山东 )A. who B. which C. why D. whenShell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had been missing two years before.(2009四川）A. that B. which C. where D. when 注意：若这类先行词在从句中不作状语而作主语、宾语时, 则不能用where或when 引导，要用关系代词引导。如：The situation _ we face is hard to imagine The occasions _I often think of are when I worked in the countryside.- Do you have anything to say for yourself?- Yes, there is one point _I must insist on。 (2006 江西) A. why B. where C. when D. /六、非限定性定语从句1、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句语法意义对修饰的先行词有限定、制约作用，使该词的含义更明确具体完整，若省去，句意不完整、明了与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些补充说明，即使省去句意仍完整。形式主从句间没有逗号主从句间有逗号隔开先行词为主句中某个单词或短语既可是某个单词和短语，也可是整个主句或主句中的部分内容关系词作宾语时，可省略均不能省略，不可用that /why；指事物时只可用which, 指人时用who (作主语)/whom（作宾语）；why 要用for which代替。译法常译成定语的形式，即“,的”。要译成汉语的并列分句的形式试比较：Clock is something that tell people time .钟表是告诉人们时间的东西。She is the girl (whom/who /that) I met in the street yesterday. 她是我昨天在街上遇见的那个女孩。Beijing, which is the capital of china, has a long history. 北京历史悠久，它是中国的首都。The man has a lovely daughter, whom he loves very much. 那个人有一个可爱的女儿，他非常爱她。2、非限定性定语从句的注意事项：1）引导词：引导非限定性定语从句的引导词有：关系代词：which/who/ whom/whose/ as；关系副词：when / where 注： that / why 不能引导非限定性定语从句。 在非限定性定语从句中，任何关系词均不可省略。2）在非限定性定语从句中，当先行词是指事物时，只能用which，不能用that；当先行词指人时，若在从句中作主语，只能用who 引导，不能用whom/that引导；若在从句中作宾语，只能用whom 引导，不能用who/ that引导。The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting. ()The novel, that I read last night, is very interesting. ()The novel (that / which) I read last night is very interesting. ()Mr. Zhang, who came to see me, is an old friend of mine. ()Mr. Zhang, whom/that came to see me, is an old friend of mine. ()The man who/that came to see me is an old friend of mine. ()The man has a lovely daughter, whom he loves very much. ()The man has a lovely daughter, who/that he loves very much. ()The girl (whom/who/that) he loves very much is his daughter. ()典题：1. Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. (2007 浙江)A. that B. which C. who D. where2. Yesterday she sold her car, _ she bought a month ago.（2008浙江）A. whom B. where C. that D. which3）which引导非限定性定语从句时，which 有时代指前面整个主句或前面句中部分内容。常译为“这使得，这一点”，相当于and this 或and that。He failed in the exam, which surprised us.他考试不及格，这使得我们很吃惊。（which代指前面的整句话的内容）The novel is very interesting, which made me happy.这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。（which代指前面的整句话的内容）He came to my birthday party, which I didnt expect at all.他来参加我的生日聚会，这一点我完全没有料到。（which代指前面的整句话的内容）注意：which有时可代指前面句中部分内容，如：Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (2009 山东)A. who B. which C. when D. that答案：B 解析：which在从句中作主语，代指前面句中I met her这部分内容。句意：我经常遇见她，每当我见到她，她总是微笑着跟我打招呼。When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.（2012北京）A. that B. which C. where D. when典题：1. It is the third time that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all.（2012陕西）A. that B. where C. which D. what2.Theyve won their last three matches，_ I find a bit surprising actually.（辽宁卷）A. that B. when C. what D. which3. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him.A. who B. that C. what D. which4. His movie won several awards at the film festival, _ was beyond his wildest dream. (2007 上海) A. which B. that C. where D. it5. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, _ turned out to be a wise decision(2010四川) A. that B. which C. when D. where6. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _was more than we could expect. (2008全国II)A. it B. what C. which D. that5）why 不能引导非限定性定语从句，只能用for which引导。He told me the reason, for which he