托福IBT阅读易筋经.doc

外语下载中心易筋经之词汇篇从时间上来决定怎样准备词汇：第一种情况，对于有很多时间准备同学，这样就以看文章为主，词汇书一天看一点点就可以了。词汇书要反复看。注意是看，是浏览，不是背。看熟它，认识它就行了，不用会写。学英语的目的是运用。最好的背单词的方法就是在读的过程中认识它。每天读三到五篇文章，顺便认识下生词，这样两个月后就几乎解决了主要的词汇了。生词中肯定是动词和形容词最多，要把重点放在它们上面。对于专有名词，比如pulsar脉冲星这样的词汇不用特意去记它，遇到的时候在文中理解它的意思就可以了。第二种情况，时间比较急的，要以一本单词书为主。背单词不要按照字母顺序，会很累的，最好是打乱顺序背。要及时复习，看过单词三天之内一定要再看一遍，以免遗忘。最好是找个伙伴一起背，互相考问，这样会快很多。而且最好是晚上休息好，背单词的时候才能集中精力。精力分散的话所用的时间都是白费的。把单词看熟，认识它就行了，或者对于一部分听力词汇，能够听出来这个单词就行了，不用会写。从类别上决定怎样准备词汇：先说一说大脑对词汇记忆的过程。从看到一个新的单词开始，大脑会对它产生短期印象。也就是说，看到这个单词第一次后，一两天内再次看到它，都会或快或慢的回想起它。但是你绝对不会运用这个词到口语、写作中去吧。因为大脑仅仅是对这个词形成了短期印象而已。然后当我们遇到这个词的次数多了过后，大脑会对它形成长期印象。这就是为什么很多教程、文章、前辈说的，背单词要不断重复的原因。重复多了就成了长期印象的词了；重复多了，再次看到它时反应速度就会变快了。所以我在前面说了，不要刻意背单词，要不断的看单词，反复的浏览，这样不断冲击自己的记忆。然后我想说的是词汇的类别。词汇的类别取决于大脑记忆的类别。我上面说的反复浏览的方式记忆的单词，叫做阅读词汇。因为仅仅在但脑中形成长期印象，起到的效果仅仅是在阅读中看到它的时候能够很快反应出意思。这样的阅读词汇，托福要求的好像总共是8000。也就是说这8000个词汇你要能认识。当然不排除有记忆力好的人，光靠浏览就能不仅认得它，还能运用它。第二种记忆类别是听力词汇。记忆的时候由浏览到听，听觉上会对这个词形成影响。这叫听力词汇。再进一步，是口语词汇和写作词汇。如果说阅读词汇和听力词汇是大脑对词汇信息的接收，输入，那么口语词汇和写作词汇是但脑对词汇的输出，也就是运用。不同类别的词汇要求的记忆效果是不同的。阅读词汇很多，而听力词汇就少得多了。口语词汇和写作词汇更少，只需记忆一些常用的就足够应付了。所以阅读词汇只要多浏览词汇书就行了。听力词汇在马骏老师的专版里面有，下下来反复听就可以了。写作词汇把它们替换到写作中去就可以了，金鑫老师总结了一下。有机会我再发出来。口语词汇也有归类，学习它们并尝试在口语中运用它们。背诵词汇的原则：任何东西学来是为了运用，如果不运用就会很快忘记。英语作为一项语言能力，如果不运用的话就会失去学习它的意义。所以我提倡通过运用的方式来学习。不管是阅读词汇，还是听力、口语、写作词汇，都要运用才能掌握。阅读词汇的运用就是读文章。听力词汇的运用就是听。口语词汇和写作词汇的运用就是说出来、写出来。希望大家别仅仅是背单词，然后忘记，然后又背，又忘。而是要用，才不会忘，并且越用越活，越用越熟。易筋经之阅读技巧篇如何突破长句结构名词后跟动词的过去分词，先不读，找后面是否有谓语，有则不读此过去分词。没有则此过去分词是谓语的过去式3 t r% B T V: % P# I如：Government agencies charged with protecting the environment were assured by Alyeska and Exxon that such a pipeline was unnecessary because.Alyeska and Exxon assured government agencies charged with protecting the environment that.划分清楚长句的结构，尤其是并列的从句1、 n1,n2,n3.处理方法是挑一个认识的去读就可以了。比如Aggressive behavior is intended to cause injury,pain,suffering,damage,or destruction.只要认识pain，知道它是伤痛的意思，就可以猜出其它几个并列的词的意思也和这个词相近。在阅读里面句子和句子或者单词和单词的关系只有两种：顺承和转折。这一堆词是顺承的关系，它们的意思实际上差不多，都表示负面影响。所以只要挑其中一个认识的来读，就可以避免看到生词，节约时间。2、n1 of n2 of n3处理方法：首先看n1 of n2结构，比如Beijing is the capital of China。实际上说的是Beijing is the capital， capital 修饰的是n1，不是n2。同样n2也是修饰n1的。因此核心词是n1，读的时候就只读n1。如果是n1 of n2 of n3这种情况，核心词还是n1，后面的n2,n3.全是修饰成分。修饰关系是从后往前推。n3修饰n2，n2修饰n1。此种结构例如An understanding of the derivation of the word competition supports that.应该读成An understanding supports that.而the word competition 修饰derivation，derivation 修饰an understanding。这些表修饰的部分就省略不读了。3、n1 or n2 和 n1 and n2处理方法：不要把or想成或，不要把and想成和。and 和 or都是表顺承的词。所以n1和n2都说的是一回事，只要挑一个认识的读了就行了。比如Base-20,or vigesimal,systems are less used.vigesimal这个词很可能不认识，就不用管它，因为没有意义。既然n1和n2说的是一回事，就直接看Base-20，意思是基于20.的系统，如果带入到原文中就很容易理解为基于20进制的系统。而实际上vigesimal与之意思相同。不管多少名词并列，肯定会出现一个or或者and。比如中文是n1和n2和n3和n4和n5，英文表述是n1,n2,n3,n4,and n5。处理方法也一样。4、A such as B,C,D 或 such A as B,C,D处理方法：两种其实是一样的，不过是换一种表述。它的本质其实是A。遇到它们就只读A，不读BCD。比如Verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments can also be a type of aggression.直接看成Verbal attacks can also be a type of aggression.口头攻击也是一种侵略性行为的类型。5、In addition to.，.It is not just.，.Rather than.，.Although/while.，.处理方法：In addition toA，B 的意思是除了A还有A。这个A往往就是上文提到的，而B就是要附加的。所以遇到In addition to.，.这种结构就找逗号，只读逗号后面的内容，In addition to 和逗号之间的.就不读。It is not just.，.意思是不止.，还有.。处理方法也是找逗号，读逗号后面的。Rather than.，.意思是与其.不如.。遇到这种也是找逗号，然后读逗号后面的。解释一下，前面的In addition to 强调的是逗号后面的内容。In addition to，那个to后面的内容一定是前面讲过的内容，所以不用读。而It is not just.后面的不读，是因为表示否定。否定的内容一般不作为出题点。因为如果否定的地方作为出题点，答案往往不唯一。Although/While.，.也是读逗号后面的。因为although和while表示让步，所以前后的词语就是转折的关系。相当于把although和while去掉，把逗号换成but，实际上作者想强调的是but后面的。（文章中but后面的一定是重点）。Cooperation,rather than evoking a characteristic at the opposite extreme of human nature from competition, is in reality a necessary factor in competition.看到有rather than马上找逗号，在后面competition后面。直接翻译为合作是竞争的必要因素。rather than后面的复杂结构就不用管它了。6、more.than.处理方法：more A than B。与其B不如A，强调的是A。读的时候than后面的东西全部扔掉，只读A。比如More first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S.presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions.只读More first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S.presidents .7、as well as = and处理方法：直接看成and，去掉逗号，然后找并列。8、主语，.，谓语宾语 或 主语谓语，.，宾语处理方法：这两种表示一个句子没完就被隔开了。遇到这种，就直接找那两个逗号，两个逗号中间的不读，前后的连起来读就可以了。Aggression Aggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to cause injury, pain, suffering, damage, or destruction. While aggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical, verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression. What is key to the definition of aggression is that whenever harm is inflicted, be it physical or verbal, it is intentional.Questions about the causes of aggression have long been of concern to both social and biological scientists. Theories about the causes of aggression cover a broad spectrum, ranging from those with biological or instinctive emphases to those that portray aggression as a learned behavior.Numerous theories are based on the idea that aggression is an inherent and natural human instinct. Aggression have been explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement, and it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis. Biological or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. A number of ethologists have, based upon their observations of animals, supported the view that aggression is an innate instinct common to humans.Two different schools of though exist among those who view aggression as instinct. One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously, with or without outside provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result of little or no provocation. Another suggests that aggression is indeed an instinctive response but that, rather than occurring spontaneously and without provocation, it is a direct response to provocation from an outside source.In contrast to instinct theories, social learning theories view aggression as a learned behavior. This approach focuses on the effect that role models and reinforcement of behavior can be learned through a combination of modeling and positive reinforcement of the aggressive behavior and that children are influenced by the combined forces of observing aggressive behavior in parents, peers, or fictional role models and of noting either positive reinforcement for the aggressive behavior or , minimally, a lack of negative reinforcement for the behavior. While research has provided evidence that the behavior of a live model is more influential than that of a fictional model, fictional models of aggressive behavior such as those seen in movies and on television, do still have an impact on behavior. On-screen deaths or acts of violent behavior in certain television programs or movies can be counted in the tens, or hundreds, or even thousands; while some have argued that this sort of fictional violence does not in and of itself cause violence and may even have a beneficial cathartic effect, studies have shown correlations between viewing of violence and incidences of aggressive behavior in both childhood and adolescence. Studies have also shown that it is not just the modeling of aggressive behavior in either its real-life or fictional form that correlates with increased acts of violence in youths; a critical factor in increasing aggressive behaviors is the reinforcement of the behavior. If the aggressive role model is rewarded rather than punished for violent behavior, that behavior is more likely to be seen as positive and is thus more likely to be imitated.解读：Aggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to causeinjury, pain, suffering, damage, or destruction. 后面的五个并列名词只挑一个简单的去读就行了，读成Aggressive behavior is any behavior that is intended to causeinjury。Whileaggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical, verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression. What is key to the definition of aggression is that whenever harm is inflicted, be it physical or verbal, it is intentional.遇到wihle，就找后面的逗号，因为wihle后面一直到verbal attack之间的内容，和verbal attack后面的内容是转折关系。while表示让步，所以可以理解为把while去掉，后面的逗号换成but。就成了aggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physicalbutverbal attacks.看到没有，作者实际上想强调的是but后面的，或者是逗号后面的，所以只从verbal attacks开始读就可以了。verbal attacks后面有such as，就只读such as 前面的名词。后面的名词全部省略不读，一直到can also be.所以应该读成verbal attacks can also be a type of aggression. What is key to the definition of aggression is that定义攻击性行为的关键在于whenever harm is inflicted, 不管什么时候造成伤害，be it physical or verbal, 不管是物理上的还是口头上的伤害，it is intentional.关键是故意的。Questions about the causes of aggression have long been of concern to both social and biological scientists.攻击性行为的起因长期困扰了social and biological scientists.文中both提醒下面会说道两种情况，并且可以猜测出重点会讲到起因。外国人的思维是总是文中直接给出观点，而不是说一大堆无用的铺垫，最后再引出观点。或者可以是先直接给出观点，然后再说一大堆说明性语言。所以首句就是表明观点的句子，很重要。 尤其是在议论文中，每段第一句话通常都暗示此段会讲到什么，文中首段通常表明作者观点。Theories about the causes of aggression cover a broad spectrum, ranging from those with biological or instinctive emphasesto those that portray aggression as a learned behavior.你看，开始讲起因了。spectrum不认识，看后面，ranging 分词做后置定语。逗号前后两个句子是顺承关系。ranging后面整句话都在解释broad spectrum，解释为ranging from . to .。文中两个those都是指代theories。此句就很容易理解了。.的起因很广，从.理论到描述攻击性行为为一种后天学习的行为的理论。biological or instinctive emphases中两个名词是并列关系，所以不认识instinctive emphases不要紧，只读biological就可以了。所以，此段讲了两个起因，instinctive先天的和learned后天的。Numerous theories are based on the idea that aggression is an inherent and natural human instinct. 此段首句看出开始介绍第一种起因，即先天了。and连接的两个名词表示并列，只读一个就可以了。Aggression have been explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement,此句中的called怎么处理？called直接想成等号。process就叫displacement。displacement就叫process。这是ETS喜欢玩的文字游戏之一，用几个复杂的概念来表示一个简单的概念。that后面是定语从句，是解释前面一句话的，可读可不读。一眼跳过即可。and it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis. aggressive impulses这个概念就是aggression的意思。注意，这是文字游戏。注意到.不是朝着个人和group，是不直接表现出来的在社会上可以被接受的一种行为。Biological or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by证实 ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments. 定语从句不读。A number of ethologists have, based upon their observations of animals, supported the view that aggression is an innate instinct common to humans.句子中间被断开，直接把前面的和后面的连起读，两个逗号中间的不管。读成A number of ethologists have supported the.这段主要讲的是instinctive。然后说了两种情况，displacement和catharsis。Two different schools of though exist among those who view aggression as instinct. School表示鱼群的意思，在这里表示学派。此句提到两个学派，提示下文，揭示文章结构。One groupholds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously, with or without outside provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result of little or no provocation. Anothersuggests that aggression is indeed an instinctive response but that, rather than occurring spontaneously and without provocation, it is a direct response to provocation from an outside source.迅速的找关键词One group 和 Another，抓住结构。这样才能记住文章，而不会读到后面的就忘掉前面的。根据前面一段在讲instinctive，推测出后面会讲learned。所以此段可以略过不读。在后面的题目中遇到需要找细节的再来读这里。如果需要细读此段，就如此处理：One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously。认为是自发的，不管有或没有outside provocation外界刺激。所以暴力行为也是自发的。另一种观点认为aggression是一种天生的反应，rather than后面不读。它是一种直接反应to provocation from an outside source.容易看出，one group和another的观点是相反的。一种认为aggression是a result of no provocation.一种认为是direct response to provocation。In contrast to instinct theories, social learning theories view aggression as a learned behavior. In contrast to 开始，跟前文观点相对比了，开始讲learned了。This （指代前面）approach focuses on the effect that role models and reinforcement of behavior can be learned through a combination of modeling and positive reinforcement of the aggressive behavior and that children are influenced by the combined forces of observing aggressive behavior in parents, peers, or fictional role models and of noting either positive reinforcement for the aggressive behavior or , minimally, a lack of negative reinforcement for the behavior. 这句话表明learned的观点，很长，但是不难。根据前面介绍过的原则，找出主干This approach focuses on the effect that role models can be learned through a combination and that children are influenced by the combined forces of observing aggressive behavior in parents. 后面的几句话中没有转折词，说明前后是顺承关系，后面的话是解释前面的话，不用读。While research has provided evidence that the behavior of a live model is more influential than that of a fictional model, fictional models of aggressive behavior such asthose seen in movies and on television, do still have an impact on behavior. 这句省略掉细节部分，可以看出讲的是fictional models .do still have an impact on behavior。On-screen deaths or acts of violent behavior in certain television programs or movies can be counted in the tens, or hundreds, or even thousands; while some have argued that this sort of fictional violence does not in and of itself cause violence and may even have a beneficial cathartic effect, studies have shown correlations between viewing of violence and incidences of aggressive behavior in both childhood and adolescence. 此句讲屏幕上的暴力行为它本身不和引起violence，但是对childhood 和adolescence有影响。此句全部是讲细节，可以跳过不读。如果后面题目中会考到这里的细节，再来读这里。Studies have also shown that it is not just the modeling of aggressive behavior in either its real-life or fictional form that correlates with increased acts of violence in youths; a critical factor in increasing aggressive behaviors is the reinforcement of the behavior. If the aggressive role model is rewarded rather than punished for violent behavior, that behavior is more likely to be seen as positive and is thus more likely to be imitated.如果暴力行为被rewarded而不被punished，that behavior is more likely to be imitated模仿。所以可以看出，快速阅读需要阅读的地方并不多，很多细节直接跳过了，只抓住文章主线和结构即可。在后面题目中考到细节的，只需再回过头来阅读相应部分就可以了，大大的节约了时间。易筋经之答题技巧篇一、细节题(factual information questions)& f3 Z- n8 t2 K& 8 s题型特点 四个选项中只有一个被原文提及（被提及的那个选项往往是正确答案）提问方式：OG P20解题方法：寻找题干中的关键词（形容词或名词，特殊情况下为题干中的专有名词、数字或不认识的单词），回原文中定位，读该句话即可。 将与文章相矛盾的选项直接排除。不要因为某个选项在文章中曾被提及，就将其作为正确选项，所选择的答案必须针对题目而进行的回答。二、排除列举题。Negative factual information questions（34道）. uZ$ Z% o3 U7 X9 P题型特点：四个选项一般有3个被提到。仅有一个选项未被原文提及提问方式：“NOT”“EXCEPT”考法：单词列举题 短语列举题 句子列举题5 C+ p/ H0 2 l0 m看题干，判断是什么题。看选项 看题干找关键字/ J- # S/ p4 q解题方法：1. 未被原文提及的选项是正确答案2. 与原文说法相矛盾的选项是正确答案! a a1 b3 u# A9 l% 若题干中没有关键词，在选项中找) t2 1 l. h5 3 N三、推论题（Inference questions）) q* z4 I _: k+ # w 题型特点提问方式：Imply, infer, most likely，suggest思路：原文中涉及哪个方面内容就向着那个方向推论，涉及到其他方面内容的选项均错。6 _( U8 E% & D + |关键词定位本句前句、后句四、修辞目的题（Rhetorical purpose Questions）题型特点：经常是解释、说明、举例子 to explain/ illustrate / give an example of 解题方法：1. 读本词所在的句子，再看前一句话。总结这两句话的逻辑关系。 2. 表示分类的句子所起到的作用是提示下文、揭示文章结构直选法同义转述 阅读的每一道题在原文都能找到正确答案排除法 无原文没有1 2 J# A# I9 o0 u) q+ j反A1A2混A1B24 i; h# X h6 H五、词汇题（vocabulary question） |. j) f3 |/ XY难逻辑关系中等词汇量简单僻意逻辑关系（重复关系）解题方法：在上下文中利用平行结构/平行同意关系来”猜”) k$ & h9 B! M8 Y反义关系短语或词组看尾巴或者介词将单词拆分成最小元素代入法 将四个选项依次代入原文中看哪一个最符合原文意思& v S8 g. g( z3 g一词多意 ?, s: + j; $ H( b. * R; LTips：不要仅仅因为某个选项符合该单词的某一个正确意思就将其作为正确选项。要理解作者在文章上下文中使用了哪一个词义。六指代题(Reference questions)9 Y/ # |1 I G, l# _解题方法：1. 代入原文翻译合理未必为正确答案，不通顺必为错误答案。2翻译向前寻找指代对象名词1名词2，They 谓语 名词3，名词4 9 s2 t+ x7 R% s! I, C, c R9 w名词1名词1（单） 谓语 名词2，They名词2+ A3 z, P7 H, i/ B名词. They名词# l8 M0 C r6 s+ I/ ? 5 3. 6 j* I- W0 V9 t; h2 H. jsome +n. ,others.6 Q. Y) U1 o _; n$ n. Y Y5 m( J; & n6 O$ p* CFrom one +n. to another.% O3 j5 l& N9 L r u$ hn.n.some,others1 Gm) M L% B! : ( mn. v n that v n.) p4 t( F( a2 l/ i gaone+n,another.8 n8 Y: W, k% L+ T8 n. V n. of which n. v n. . N) r8 K% z6 Vn. is/are more, than that/those七、句子简化题（sentence simplification questions）- |) C0 e- V2 r& n# aAlthough a(c) , b(a)If a, b% a9 N9 s6 d9 t/ p$ L( A0 b2 s. (b), 3 N- b# & E% U) uBecause a, b - A; p/ r! j1 O! g, |(c)& f 6 r9 T- a and b(d)0 t7 b; j) |* W$ T8 ?Though a, b 0 & j* e8 I5 y2 ?# W8 X: ?% (e) / D& % l D, T CAlthough b, a (f)# x$ L$ N; e, x g+ & Q+ y- Y0 8 kA, but b+ A; X. b, t q. r* c* V: (g)Although c, b! 9 F! S+ x/ Q2 F/ L3 u- O1解题步骤：主谓语逻辑关系一致主句主干 从句主干.判断它是以后就要回到原文中，看阴影部分3 H( l& Q V: T.拆分复杂句：把握句子要点，抓住主题词.用排除法删除干扰选项. O2 X- a6 ) v; W |- M.找到最佳选项7 ) z0 k9 N/ u2表示可能性的词或表示主观感情的词不可以随意添加或删除八、句子插入题（Insert text questions）解题方法：1、代词：位于段落开头的位置几乎必错% b* E3 S: K4 p& q* N此代词要指代方框前一句的名词成分，若不能指代则错，所以在做此题前先找方框前的名词性成分。2指代代词：This. R; n5 A1 P# g/ S* V5 +n. + v. o. 先找出该名词在原文中出现的位置3关联词：找出关联词，按照逻辑关系对应4句子主干：划出插入语句子主干，找小词（another、other、a、an、the、also等）（注：插入句子后不可以改变原文的指代关系）九、目的概括题（Prose Summary Questions）9 w$ C3 C- Z/ C, q0 要选择正确答案，考生需要在头脑中形成文章的一个整体结构框架，并记清文章主要观点和其他重要信息。理解文中哪些信息是相对重要的信息，对于解答此类问题非常重要。十、填表格（Fill in a table）简化选项：$ w5 d; b Y9 C4 W- 方法：注意看选项中的核心名词。表格题典型的文章有以下几种结构类型： 对照对比、 问题解决办法、% N6 * E, U1 W 原因结果、 论点切换（比如理论、假设）: 3 d9 U& z4 I- U- 错误选项的特征1 z5 A) z; f& u8 f原文中没有提及的内容必为错误选项6 l: / U( _1 S& o% O* U与原文观点相矛盾的内容必为错误选项3 F/ *