普本语法动词.doc

第七章、动词的用法知识表解项目内容例句动词的定义表示动作和状态的词，有时态、语态、语气和人称、数的变化eat、speak、walk、go、read、make、have动词的分类行为动词及物动词：能之间跟宾语，表示状态和动作的词；raise、have、do、drinkShe drunk a cup of milk.不及物动词：不能直接跟宾语的词，必须加介词才能跟宾语come、go、arrive、riseThey arrive in Beijing at 3 oclock.助动词没有词义，不能单独作谓语，和动词一起构成各种时态、语态和语气等动词形式，帮助构成疑问句和否定句。常用的有：do, does, did, have, has, had, dont, doesnt, didnt, havent, hasnt, hadntDoes he know the truth?She doesnt want to go swimming today. The man didnt work yesterday.Did he come here yesterday?I have finished the task.She has found a job before she comes here.系动词不能单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。注意的有：be, get, become, seem, turn, look, feel, taste, sound, smellShe is a teacher and I am a student.After ten years, the girl becomes beautiful.The silk feels smooth.情态动词本身有意义，表示说话人的语气或者情态，但词义不完整，不能单独作谓语，只能和情感动词一起构成谓语。它表示的情感有：命令、允许、请求、拒绝、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、敢于、推测等Can I help you?She may have known the truth.They must find jobs by themselves after graduation.You had better inform me in advance.She will attend the meeting. 第一节。动词的时态时态定义时间词构成例句一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或者习惯性的状态often经常、always总是、sometimes有时候、usually总是、once a week一周一次、every每主+系+表is: he, she, it, this, thatam: Iare: we,they, you, these, thoseHe is a teacherI am a doctorThey are booksIs she a worker？Yes, she is./No, she isnt. She isnt a nurse.主+情态动词+动词原形He can speak two languagesCan he swim?Yes, he can/No, he cant.She cant come here today.主+动词（当主语是第一、二人称和三人称复数）主语+动原I like music.I dont like art.Do you like drawing?Yes, I do/No, I dont.主+动词s/es（当主语是he，she，it和单个的人或者物的时候）She likes musicHe doesnt come hereDoes he know the truth?Yes, he does/No, he doesnt一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态yesterday昨天、last上、ago以前主+动词edShe went to Beijing yesterday.He didnt come here today.Did she buy a car last week?Yes, she did/No, she didnt.一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或者存在的状态tomorrow明天、next下一in+时间在后主+will/shall+动词原形She will come back in 3 days.Will she tell you the truth tomorrow?Yes, she will/No, she wont.I wont go to Beijing next week.主+be going to do“打算”She is going to swim on Sunday.He isnt going to attend the meeting next week.Is he going to accept you?Yes, he is/No, he isnt.主+be about to do将要It is about to rain.Is he about to leave?Yes, he is/No, he isnt.She isnt about to attend the party.主+be to do将要发生A big earthquake is to happen.It is to rain.主+be doing将要(go, die, come, leave用进行时态表示将来)The old man is dying.She is coming.I am leaving.现在进行时表示正在发生的动作或者进行的状态now现在，at在时候、look看、listen听主+be+动词ingShe is watching TV now.He isnt doing his job now.Is he planting trees?Yes, he is/No, he isnt.过去进行时表示过去正在发生的动作或者进行的状态表示过去的时间词+表示进行的时间词主+was/were+动词ingShe was watching TV at 8:00 yesterday evening.I was studying in campus at the time last month.过去将来时时态表示过去将要发生的动作表示过去的时间词+表示将来的时间词时间词主+ would/ Should+动词原形“将要”She told us she would go to Beijing next week.She said she would have a party next week.主+was/ going to do“打算”主+was/were about to do sth将要发生构成He said he was going to attend the meeting.I was going to have a big lunch last week.I was about to go out when it began to rain.She was about to leave when the boss nodded to her.主+was/were to do sth将要He said that he was to leave at six.They told us that they were to buy a new house.主+was doing sht将要He said he was leaving 3 days later.They said they were going to the company at once.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直持续到现在；或者是过去的动作对现在造成的影响for+时间段；by+时间段；since，before，already，ever主+have/has+动词的过去分词Tom has finished his task already.She has been there for ten years.过去完成时表示在过去某一动作和某一时间段之前发生的动作（即过去的过去）；表示动作从过去一直延续到过去另外一段时间for+时间段；since+时间段主+had done+过去分词The plane had taken off before the police came here.The old man had been dead when we got there.We had known the truth before he told us.将来完成时表示在过去某一段时间将要完成的动作或状态完成时态的时间+将来时态的时间主+will/shall have doneThey will have finished the building by the end of next year.The college students will have finished their study by the end of June.第二节。动词的语态项目内容动词的语态定义表示一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的关系分类主动语态被动语态动词的被动语态：项目内容/构成例词例句不同的动词的时态的被动语态一般现在时主+ is/ am/are +动词的过去分词He is fired because of his mistakes.I am employed by the biggest company in the city.Two little boys are robbed by several big men.一般过去时主+ was /were+动词的过去分词Two girls were killed near the river last week.She was stolen in the store yesterday.Many buildings were destroyed in this earthquake.一般将来时主+ will/ shall+ be+动词的过去分词The high building will be finished in two years.A new company will be set up next year.Many workers will be fired because of the big fire.现在进行时主+ am/ is/are + being +动词的过去分词Look! The house is being built.Now, I am being punished by my boss.Listen! Some sweet songs are being sung.过去进行时主+ was/ were being+动词的过去分词The lab-building was being built at the time of last year.Some trees were being planted on Match 12th of last year.An old hen was being killed at 8:00 last evening.过去将来时主+should/be +动词的过去分词He told us he would be sent to America next year.A report said these building would be put down nest month.He said a report would be written this evening.现在完成时主+ have/has been+动词的过去分词The house has been decorated for a year.We have been taught English since then.You have been cheated by two thieves.过去完成时主+had been+动词的过去分词He said he had been employed.We had been taught English before he came here.The new building had been finished by the end of last year.将来完成时主+will/shall have been+动词的过去分词The important will have been finished by the end of next week.Maybe you will have been fired by the end of next year.They will have been left there for ten years by the end of this year.不定式to be doneto have been doneThe little boy is said to be sent to America.Have happened to have been killed last week.情态动词主+ can/ may/must+be done主+can/may/ must+ have been doneThe young man may be arrested.The task may have been finished yesterday evening.下列动词变被动语态时，结构发生变化使役动词make, have变被动语态时，需加上带to的不定式She is made to leave her husband and son.He is made to do his homework after class.感官动词see，hear，watch变被动语态时，需加上带to的不定式The young woman is seen to enter a store.The little boy is watched to steal an old mans money.A little boy is heard to cry.特殊动词allow，advise，permit，forbid变被动语态时，后加带to的不定式Nobody is allowed to enter the lab.They are advised to leave at once.They are permitted to finish the job by themselves.下列动词不能用被动语态（主动表被动）表示”发生”的动词:happen，to, take place, break outA war broke out in 1931.A traffic accident happened last Sunday.A policy event took place in this year.表示”证明”的词:prove to be, turn out to doThe theory proved to be right.The old man turned out to be honest.belong to (属于)、consist of (组成), last for (持续)，come true (实现)Diao yu Island belong to China.The team consists of 3 men and 5 women.The war lasts for 8 years.At last, their dream came true.each other、one another作宾语They love each other.They believe one another.有些动词意思是被动的，形式是主动的sell, wash, feel, taste, sound, smell, write作”起来”讲The silk feels smooth.This kind of clothes sells well.The song sounds sweet.need, require, want,be worth+动词ingThis book is worth reading.The house needs repairing.The old man wants taking to his children.The law requires making up.第三节。虚拟语气语气分类陈诉语气用来说明事实，有肯定、否定、疑问句和感叹形式She loves China.She doesnt want to attend the meeting.Does she come here today?How lovely she is!祈使语气表示请求、命令和劝告Close the door, please!Dont make noise!虚拟语气表示说的不是事实，或者是不可能发生的事，而是一种愿望、建议或者与事实相反的假设（即说假话）If I were you, I would go there.If he had known the truth, he wouldnt have been there.If the sun should rise from the west, I would leave my lover.虚拟语气的基本构成时态主句从句例词、例句与现在事实相反would/could+动词原形过去时（be用were）If I were you, I would tell them the truth.If he came here today, I would ask him why.与过去事实相反would/could have donehad doneIf I had known the fact earlier, I wouldnt have fired him.If she had started off earlier, the accident wouldnt have happened.与将来事实相反would/could/might+动词原形would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain, the trees would be saved.If it should be sunny, I would have a trip.虚拟语气的基本用法：词汇基本用法例词例句if引导非真实的条件状语从句，省略if，把were，should，had提到句首。Were I you, I wouldnt attend the meeting.Had I known the truth earlier, I wouldnt have made such a decision.Should it be cloudy tomorrow, I would stay at home.if only要是、但愿引起虚拟语气If only I were you.If only I had never known the truth.If only it should be come again.suggest, advise, demand, order, insist, desire, propose, warn后接that从句，从句用should+动词原形，should也可省略I advise that a good doctor should be sent to the countryside.She insists that she be sent to another city.We desire that a good result be given.She warns that a punishment be given to the boy.suggestion, order, advice, proposal, demand, idea, request引起的同位语从句和表语从句，从句用should+动词原形，should可以省略My suggestion is that everyone should do a good deed.It is my advice that a good job be given to the poorest man.His request is that we should help each other.She tells me her idea that everyone be given a chance.It is suggested /advised/ordered/demanded/desired that+ should+动词原形，should可以省略It is suggested that more than one answer should be given.It is required that a good doctor be sent to the countryside.It is necessary/strange/a pity that+ should+动词原形，should可以省略It is necessary that he should learn two languages.It is strange that more than one chance be given to us.It is a pity that I should take part in my friends party.would rather宁愿从句用过去时态，表示一种希望I would rather he died.She would rather she didnt know the truth.It is (high) time that+过去时/should+动词原形，该干的时候了It is high time that she knew the truth.It is high time that we should develop our economy.It had hoped that would+动词原形，表示过去未实现的愿望It had hoped that I would be a doctor ten years ago.It had hoped that he would know the truth a month ago.wish对现在虚拟，从句用过去时态；对过去虚拟，从句用过去完成时；对将来虚拟，从句用would+动原；I wish I were in college now.She wished she had learned English well in middle school.He wished that he would be a richer in the future,as if似乎、好像对现在虚拟，从句用过去虚拟，从句用过去完成时；对将来虚拟，从句用would+动原；He talks as if he knew all things.He talks about America as if he had been there yesterday.He talks his career as if he would be rich soon.第四节 非谓语动词知识表解定义不能直接作谓语的动词to walk散步、running跑步分类不定式to doto sing唱歌、to swim游泳动名词doingwalking散步、dancing跳舞现在分词doingtalking交谈、making制作不定式形式内容例词、例句不定式的否定no to do never to doHe tells me not to say it again.She asks me not to tell the truth.不同时态的不定式时态主动语态被动语态The man is said to leave Shanghai today.A man is said to be killed in a big hotel.一般现在时to doto be done完成时to have doneto have been doneThey are seen to have left China yesterday.They are seen to have been sent to America.进行时to be doing/The woman is seen to be reading in the office.The young girl happens to be watching now.完成进行时to have been doing/The woman is said to have been working here for 25 years.不定式的基本用法做主语，表示没有发生的动作或目的，谓语动词用单数三人称To find a good job is my wish.To help others is my good wish.做表语，表示没有发生的动作或者目的My wish is to look after myself.My purpose is to find a helping man.做宾语：某些及物动词可以带不定式做宾语want, wish, hope, expect, plan, prepare, mean, agree等The young man wants to join the army.He wishes to help everyone.作定语,放在被修饰后面(如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词,必须在这个不及物动词后加上介词,使被修饰的名词作不定式的逻辑宾语）表目的,没有发过的动作Do you have anything to tell me?He made a choice to be a teacher.The woman is looking for a room to live in.不定式的基本用法作宾语补足语，某些及物动词，如: ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, allow, invite, tell等He asks me to buy a gift for him.She advises me to leave now.作状语，表目的(in order to, in order not to为了；so as to, so as not to do以便于)表原因、表结果The young man told the truth in order to get bosss trust.They are so foolish as to believe a thiefs words.We jumped with joy to hear the news.关于不定式的几个特殊句型It is+名词+ for sb to do sthIt is+形容词+ for sb to do sthIt is +形容词+ of sb to do sth对来说，干是(当形容词表示情感、态度的词,即对一个人的评价时,用of sb,如:good, nice, kind, careful, careless, foolish, clever, right, wrong, polite, impolite, cruel, rude, wise, proud）It is my duty to help the old.It is important for us to learn English well.It is necessary for us to help others.It is kind of you to help me.It is wrong of you to treat an old man like that.It takes/tookto do sth花费时间/金钱去做It takes me 3 years to finish the book.It took us 5 months to finish the task.find/feel/think it+形容词/名词to do发现做是I find it difficult to learn English well for me.I think it my duty to help the old.I feel it honor to have dinner with you.It is no use of to do sthIt is useless to do sth干是没有用的It is no use of to say it again.It is useless to do it again after everything happened.tooto do 太而不能He is too young to driver a car.She is too old to walk.be enoughto do sth足够能The room is big enough to live in for 8 men.The boy is tall enough to get the book.几种不带to的不定式助动词、情态动词后接动词原形Does he like English. He can swim.Did he know me?感官动词：see, hear, feel, taste, smell, notice, observe, watch后接动词原形。I see him go out. I hear him sing in next room.She noticed her teacher come to her.使役动词have/make/let后接动词原形I have him go out.He will let me know the truth.She makes her son do his homework after class.had better最好、would rather宁愿后接动词原形You had better do it by yourself.I would rather stay at home.why not+动词原形，为什么不Since you are free, why not visit me?Since you have known the truth, why not tell me?不定式的省略根据上下文，不定式再次出现时，为了避免重复，这个动词不定式的动词可以省略，但必须保留toWould you like to attend the meeting?Yes, I plan to.动名词项目内容例词例句动名词的基本用法作主语，谓语动词用单数Walking is good for our health.Eating too much is bad for us.作宾语She advised leaving now.He always practices speaking English in his free time作表语His hobby is reading.His favorite sport is swimming.关于动名词的句型It is no good/use doing sth 干是没有用的It is no good saying it again after all happened.It is no use repairing the fence after the sheep all diedThere is no doing sth干是不可能的There is no succeeding without efforts.There is no talking with that proud lady.列动词和动词短语后面只能接动名词advise/suggest, practice,avoid,give up;建议、练习、免、放弃mind, imagine, delay, finish/complete;介意、想像、误、完成enjoy, consider, risk, resist/stand;喜欢、考虑、冒险、抵understand, appreciate, cant help;了解、欣赏、情不自禁miss, keep, allow /permit, admit错过、保持、许、承认She suggested leaving at once.Do you mind opening the door?He cant imagine having no money.Do you enjoy swimming in holidays?At the news, he cant help laughing.Although it is dark, he keeps working.特殊情况advise/allow/permit/forbid sb to do sth（后接复合宾语）She never allows anyone to enter into her houseHe advised us to finish the task in advance.demand后只能接to do：demand to do sth要求做They demand to finish the work at once.She demands to do everything by herself.一般带介词的短语后接动名词(根据介词的用法)give up放弃、put off推迟、take off起飞、spendin花费Please give up smoking!I spend two years in finishing the job.下列带to的短语后接动名词：look forward to渴望、devote to奉献、contribute to有助于、lead to通向prefer to（宁愿）的句型：prefer doing A to doing B宁愿做A不愿意做Bprefer to do A rather than do B宁愿做A不愿意做BShe really looks forward to seeing her parents.The old man devotes his life to teaching.He prefers tea to coffee.She prefers walking to driving.She prefers to live in the countryside rather than live in the city.列动词不定式的含义和动名词的含义意思不同stop停止stop to do停止A去做B（做两件事）He stops to listen to me.She stops to watch TV.stop doing sth停止正在做的事(做一件事)He is tired and stop working.She stops reading and has a rest.try努力try to do sth努力做某事She tried to find a good job, but she failed.I tried to persuade him, but I felt disappointed.try doing sth试着做某事She tries listening to the old man, but she feels bored.The little boy tries going out, but he feels frightened.forget忘记remem-ber记得forget to do sth忘记去做remember to do sth记得去做（某事）Dont forget to close the door.Please remember to attend the meeting tomorrow.forget doing sth忘记做过remember doing sth记得做过（已经做过）I forget writing a letter, and I write it again.She remembers seeing the man, but she doesnt remember his name.regret遗憾、后悔regret to do sth遗憾去做I regret to in form you: you are arrested.She regrets to say sorry.regret doing sth后悔做过The old man regrets beating his grandson.She regrets firing her manager.go on继续go on to do sth继续去做（两件事）Having a rest, he goes on to finish his task.She goes on to watch TV after listing to a song.go on doing继续做（一件事）Although it is dark, he goes on studying.He feels tired, but he goes on working.mean意思、意味mean to do sth打算He means to leave at once.She doesnt mean to tell about the truth.mean doing sth意味着His words mean failing.His action means giving up.动词接动名词那所被动want想要、need需要、require要求、be worth值得、deserve值得、应受、bear忍受The old house needs repairing.This book is worth reading twice.分词：项目内容例句分类现在分词vt+ingput-putting、have-having、say-saying过去分词vt+edhave-had、say-said、finish-finished分词的否定现在分词：no/not doing