科技英语写作.doc

基本要求：用词准确、精炼、朴素；句子通顺易懂。用词不当例子：1) He has produced a report on how the reactor can go critical by using spontaneous fission neutron source. ( written )2) The two parts of the rod were joined. (welded)3) This report is concerned with the pollution-free source of energy.(describes)4) After a comprehensive valuation of the facts, he has suggested a plan of action. (study)表达意思不够准确或具体, 下面的句子讲的同一件事，前者表达的意思比较含糊，后者表达比较具体：1) We plan to present a proposal covering all important aspects of the problem.On July 10, we shall present a proposal covering self-evaluation, peer review, format of written report, and experience feedback.2) The projected lifespan of the building is adequate for the cost.The projected 25-year usefulness of the warehouse will allow monthly mortgage payment and still provide a 4 to 7 percent margin of profit.3) If the reactor core is large enough and the thermal flux is high enough, the xenon oscillation will be observed.As a rule of thumb, xenon oscillation will be a problem if the reactor core is over 30 migration lengths in size and the thermal flux is higher than 1013 n/(cm2sec).4) This room is big. (大到何种程度？)This room is big enough to accommodate 40 desks.(桌子尺寸不同，没亲眼见到该房间的人仍不能准确地了解其大小。)The area of the room is 30 m2, and since we need 0.75 m2 for a desk, it can accommodate 40 desks.5) The pouring of concrete is seriously behind schedule.The pouring of concrete is three weeks behind schedule.简练1) This material lacks the property of hardness.This material is not hard enough.2) It possesses the quality of malleability.3) It is difficult to make an approximation of how much money it would cost.It is difficult to estimate its cost.4) Some people labour under the impression that air pollution is a special preserve of the highly developed countries.Some people think that air pollution occurs only in highly developed countries.5) Some changes are expected to be made in the organization of this department but no one as yet knows what changes are going to take place.No one can anticipate the changes that will be made in the organization of this department.语言不够简练的毛病多出在：n 重复使用意思相同的词n 过多使用非实质性短语n 用词太笼统n 使用太复杂的结构重复使用意思相同的词举例：Spring of the year (spring)Costs rise to a higher level (costs rise)A period of three months (three months)The specimen was placed on the balance and weighed.(The specimen was weighed.)In one respect, the house was not in good condition. Its roof leaked badly. (The roof leaked)过多使用非实质性短语举例：In the event that ( if )due to the fact that (due to / because)has proved itself to be (has proved / is)prior to the time that (before)at the present time (now)during the years between and (between and )用词太笼统举例：They were fastened together by means of staples.They were stapled together.The goods were transported by means of trucks.The goods were trucked.You can make contact with him by telephone.You can telephone him.使用太复杂的结构举例：It is essential that we take these precautions of making our nuclear power plant be safe.These precautions are essential to the safety of our nuclear power plant.There are four dealers in Wuhan, and any of them can supply us with spare parts.Any of the four dealers in Wuhan can supply spare parts.The condition of the filter that is now located within the demineralizer is not good enough that renovation would be justified.The filter within the demineralizer is not in good enough condition to justify renovating it.简练并非是要求作者尽量多地使用ok, ad, exam, lab, auto, isnt, dont等这样的词。朴素：英国作家狄更斯说过：When a man has anything of his own to say, and is really earnest that it should be understood, he does not usually make cavalry regiments of his sentences and seek abroad for sesquipedalian words.如果他使用very long而不是使用sesquipedalian，人们就不必去查字典就能明白他说的意思。他是故意用这个词来说明这个道理！二战期间，美国总统罗斯福在审阅一篇关于灯火管制的文件时，把文件中的terminate the illumination划掉，改成turn out the lights.有些科技词汇能准确、有效地表达一定的概念，有些问题不使用科技术语是无法谈论的。但是，读者不一定都是专家。例如：很多人不一定认识ozostomia这个词，但是如果使用bad breath 或 foul breath, 可能一般人就知道是口臭。Ergonomics大家也不一定认识，但采用human engineering可能大家会明白。The concept of the ergonomics is widely applied in the design of the console in the main control room of the NPP. The design in accordance with human engineering has the following advantages:l arrangements for switches and buttons are easy to handlel the indications of the instrumentation are easy to readl visual and bodily fatigue can be mitigated.l .一般使用冷僻的词汇后，在文中适当使用比较普通或朴素的同义词或描述，使读者不用查字典就明白文章的意思和正确猜出生词的意思。如果将reducing the diameter of the fuel rods改为making the fuel rod finer 并不会损坏所要表达的意思和科学性。一般人不一定很熟悉的词 朴素的词accentuate stressaccommodatefitactivatestartaggregatetotalameliorateimprovecommencebeginconflagrationfirediscernseedwellliveendeavourtryfacilitateeasyramificationsubdivisionresidencehousesubsequent toafterverbosewordyviableworkable句子要通顺易懂对一个句子的长短不能作硬性的规定，不能说短句一定比长句好，如果别人读起来很容易理解，哪怕一个句子包含100个单词也不算多。但是一句中最好不要包含太多层的意思，因为那样读起来会感到很吃力。遇到这种情况，最好将其分成几个句子。Upon completion of the work, the contractor shall operate the pump in the presence of the Government representative to demonstrate its operation; shall establish accurately the performance of the pump, including efficiencies, through measurements of the discharge rate by use of the flow tube and pressure-differential gauge in the system, the pumping level (by use of gauges furnished with the pump) and horsepower input (by the watt-hour-meter disk-constant method or other equally accurate method); and shall submit a certified report of all such readings, calculations, and measurements.上句所含意思太多，若像下面将其分成几个句子就通顺易懂了：Upon completion of the work, the contractor must test the pump in the presence of the Government representative to establish accurately that it meets all performance specifications. Discharge rate shall be determined by the flow tube and pressure-differential gauge in the system. The pumping level shall be determined from gauges furnished with the pump, and the horsepower shall be determined by the watt-hour-meter disk-constant or equally accurate method. All findings shall be submitted in a certified report.如果不能把一句话分成几个短句结构，那么应当尽量使谓语的位置更靠近主语、使修饰语更靠近被修饰的词。In this schedule are listed the events that will take place during the next one month and also the time and venue so that you can decide beforehand whether you will like to take part in any event and if so, inform the concerned organizer who will enter your name in a list which he maintains for the purpose.The events of the next one month are listed in the schedule. If you wish to take part in any event, inform the concerned organizer.另外，能用一个词代替一个短语， 或一个短语代替一个从句或句子，而并不影响意思的表达和理解，那么就应当进行替代。The next step consisted of looking for methods by which the losses that occurred in the bearings might be eliminated.The next step consisted of looking for methods of eliminating the losses in the bearings.A series of continuous runs made under conditions that were identical often yielded results that were different.A series of runs made under identical conditions often yielded different results.应当避免走另一极端：将每个句子都写得很短，结果每句话都容易看懂，但整个一段是什么意思就不容易看出了。You requested that a site investigation be carried out on that area. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the depth of the water table. This investigation has been conducted by Mr. Brown and myself. We sank several test holes, drilling them to the depth of six meters.As you requested, Mr. Brown and I have investigated that area to determine the depth of the water table. We drilled several test holes to a depth of six meters.但是句子简化过了头也会影响理解， 如：Preventing catalyst selectivity deterioration is difficult.It is difficult to prevent the catalyst selectivity from deteriorating.避免连续使用单调的句型例如一片文章中连续出现：It is observed that It is found that It is thought that 会使读者感到单调，看不下去。变化句子结构可以使文章更能引人入胜。一个意思本来可以有多种写法。不应突出次要的内容句子要安排得当，使之能反映要强调的内容。例如：A. The device will cost $500,000 but save $5000 annually on fuel. B. The device will save $5000 annually on fuel and cost only $500,000.C. Five hundred workers will have to be recruited to complete the job in time.D. To complete the job in time five hundred workers will have to be recruited.AC并未真实地反映作者所想要讲的意思。作者要强调的不是成本多少或雇用500人怎样了，而是要说明可以省多少钱和按时完成工作的条件。主语和谓语是句子中的重要成分，要表达的主要内容应包含在主语和谓语中。例如：It must be expected that there will be complaints from people who live in the neighborhood.Complaints from people who live in the neighborhood must be expected.A recent article makes the statement that before 1950 Cuban reserves of manganese had been exploited almost to the point of depletion.Before 1950, according to a recent article, Cuban reserves of manganese had been exploited almost to the point of depletion.关于数字一般文章中的数字：若一个数字写出时不超过两个字，则用文字写出，否则用阿拉伯数字。例如：three, seventeen, twenty-seven, one thousand; 114, 1876, 134,689.但是在下列情况下不适用：l 不能用阿拉伯数字作为句子的开头，处理方法是要么用文字写出，要么重新组句不用数字开头。l 一系列数字应一致。若这一系列中有一个或一个以上需要用阿拉伯数字表示，那么所有的数字都用阿拉伯数字。l 有些情况下，不论数字大小，都用阿拉伯数字。如：经纬度、温度、价格、比分、时间、日期中的年份和日、统计表中的数字等。l 特别大的数字常用文字和阿拉伯数字组合，如50 billion, 125 million, 6.4 billion.科技文章中的数字：科技文章中的数字一般使用阿拉伯数字A. 十及十以上的数字都用阿拉伯数字，但以下情况例外：1) 若数字后跟度量衡单位名，即使是十以下的数字，都用阿拉伯数字。4 hours, 8 cubic meters, 2) 在一段文章中若出现很多数字，那么所有的数字都用阿拉伯数字表示。He used a crew of 3 carpenters, 1 plumber, 8 laborers, 1 foreman, and 1 timekeeper.3) 若在一个短语中，紧接着有两个数字，习惯把短的那个数字用文字表示，另一个用阿拉伯数字表示。two 900MW units，7 six-inch timber, three 7-man crews4) 若有两个上述短语相接，二者书写应一致。5) 金额数要用阿拉伯数字写出。5 dollars, $8, $0.80, 80 centsB. 约数不论大小均用文字