第12堂 分隔结构.doc

LECTURE 12 分隔结构本堂目标：熟悉各种分隔结构，学会识别长难句中的各种分隔现象，重点掌握插入语作分隔结构的情况，快速理解长难句。基础预习 一般情况下，句子中的某些成分应该紧靠在一起，如主语和谓语，动词和宾语，修饰语与被修饰语等。但有些时候这些本应紧密连接的句子成分被其他成分分隔，这种语言现象叫作分隔。了解这一语言现象有助于对长句、难句的理解。一、 主语与谓语的分隔分类例示被定语分隔Everyone，old or young, should contribute his time and energy to his work.（后置形容词作定语分隔）Their weekend together remained vividly in the thoughts.（后置副词定语分隔）The machine to be examined has been bought to the factory.（不定式定语分隔）被状语分隔He seldom eats too much.（副词作状语分隔）Balloons, being lighter than air, are held up by the air.（现在分词短语作状语分隔）He, like every body else, had worried about it.（介词短语作状语分隔）被同位语分隔The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th,1912.（被作同位语的名词分隔）The idea that modern art can exactly be seen in museums is mistaken.（被同位语从句分隔）被插入语分隔This, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issues.（介词短语作插入语分隔）Your suggestion, to be frank, will only lead us into trouble.（不定式作插入语分隔）The talk, I think, was both interesting and instructive.（主谓结构作插入语分隔）【例】All music, whether it is the pulsation of primitive tribal drums or the complex coordination of voices and instruments in an opera, has this feature: it is based upon the power of sound to stir our senses and feelings.【点睛】句子的主干为All music has this feature。主句的主语和谓语被whether or 引导的让步状语从句隔开。【译文】所有的音乐，不管是原始部落的鼓声，还是戏剧中声音和乐器的和谐，都有这种特点：都基于声音的力量，这种力量能激起我们的感官反应，让我们产生感觉。二、复合谓语的分隔分类例示助动词与主动词分隔The condition has been more or less improved.（被副词分隔）I dont in the least want to go with you.（被介词短语分隔）情态动词与主动词分隔You might at least offer to help.（被介词短语分隔）Computers could someday be used inside an atom.（被名词状语分隔）系动词与主语补语的分隔He was by no means a hard man.（被介词短语分隔）The sun is, in fact, essential in order for life to exist on the earth.（被插入语分隔）【例】（08-Part B）To make revision easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences and corrections【点睛】so that引导目的状语从句，该从句中的副词easily将情态动词can和主动词add分隔。【译文】为了方便修改，写作时页边距和行距要留得大些，以便添加词语、句子并做修改。三、动词/介词与宾语的分隔分类例示动词与宾语分隔They announced in the newspaper the data of their wedding.（被介词短语分隔）介词与宾语分隔I had not seen him for at least ten day.（被介词短语分隔）【例】In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the childs acquisition of each new skill the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing.【点睛】本句主干为every parent watches the childs acquisition of each new skill。副词eagerly将句子的谓语和宾语分隔开。【译文】在养育孩子的过程中，每一位父母都十分关注孩子所学会的每一样本领。比如：最先会说的话，第一次独立走路时的情景，或是开始学会读和写的时间。四、固定搭配中的分隔分类例示动词与介词分隔She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.（looked for被副词分隔）The audience consisted for the most part of young people.（consisted of被介词短语分隔）形容词与介词分隔Dimmitroff went through all this. He was different, however, from others.（differen from被插入语分隔）【例】(07-Text 3)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. 【点睛】固定短语look like被表程度的副词far less分开。【译文】从中产阶级家庭来看，这其中的大部分看起来远远不像是一个行使更多财政职责的机会，而更像是金融风险全盘转移时在已经负担过重的肩膀上再施加压力，他们这样想是可以理解的。重点讲解一、长句中的分隔现象前面我们讲了单句中各语法成分之间的分隔现象，实际上在复合句中，分隔现象也很普遍。LECTURE 1中我们讲了定语从句与先行词的分隔，LECTURE 2中我们讲过同位语从句与先行语的分隔，这里讲一下长句、复合句中的其他分隔现象。1并列连词与后续分句分隔【例】On motor-ways you can, at least, travel safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on narrow, bumpy road which are crowded with traffic.【点睛】并列连词but和后绪分句被插入语more often than not分隔。前面的复合谓语can travel之间被插入语at least分隔。【译文】坐车至少是安全并且速度快的，但是其实也不然，因为你也许会把你的旅行浪费在拥挤并且颠簸的路上。2从属连词与后绪从句分隔【例】One night, he decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.【点睛】从属连词if与其引导的条件状语从句被介词短语after so many performances分隔。【译文】一天晚上，他决定与他的同事开一个玩笑，看看同事反复演出这么多场之后，是否已将信的内容记熟了。二、插入语作分隔结构 分隔结构中有一种比较特殊的情况，即插入语作分隔结构。插入语是指插入到主、谓、宾、宾补（通常被称为句子的必要成分）之间的从句、短语或单词，分隔这些语法成分的同时，对句子的内容进行补充、添加、限制或解释说明。 在阅读理解中遇到插入成分时，理想的处理办法就是跳过它。待句子的主要部分理解之后，再返回来补充理解。照插入语按构成来划分，主要有以下几种:1名词结构作插入语【例】(96-Passage 4)When all these shaping forces schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking interacted with one another on the rich U.S. Mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation.【点睛】破折号之间的名词及名词短语可视作插入语，补充说明all these shaping forces。【译文】当所有这些构成因素学校、开放态度、奖金制度、真正的空间思维方式在美国本土相互作用时，具有美国特点的竞争就被孕育出来。2.形容词或副词结构作插入语【例】(96-Passage 4)Because thanks to these schools, our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.【点睛】副词结构especially.作插入语，使句子的主语和谓语分隔。【译文】因为有这样的学校，我们当年的技工，特别是新英格兰和大西洋沿岸中部各洲的技工，总体上来说是有文化的，懂算术，具有一定的几何三角知识的。3.介词短语作插入语介词短语充当插入语的情况十分多见， after all, of course, at least, in fact, in contrast, on the other hand之类的介词短语，最常见的用法就是充当插入语。【例】(99-Passage 3)It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.【点睛】句中介词短语of course作插入语，将谓语和that引导的主语从句分开。【译文】当然应该注意到，不管是职业学校还是非职业学校，目标混乱是有害无益的。4.连词作插入语though, however, nevertheless, nonetheless等连词往往在句中作插入语。【例】On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.【点睛】连词though在句中作插入语。【译文】但是另一方面，如果让一个孩子过度放任自由，或是不给他任何学习的机会，他就会丧失对生活天生的热情，失去发掘新事物的欲望。5.独立主格结构作插入语【例】(99-Passage 3)But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.【点睛】句中since引导原因状语从句，从句的主语和谓语被做插入语的独立主格结构all other factors being equal分隔开。【译文】然而对一小部分学生而言，职业培训也许是必由之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，全面的技能也许是能否找到工作的关键。6.主谓结构作插入语【例】Since, we are told, 80 to 90 percent of all instruction in the typical university is by the lecture method, we should give close attention to this form of education.【点睛】主谓结构we are told在句中做插入语。【译文】据说，一般大学里80%到90%的课程都是通过讲座的形式来教授的，那么我们就仔细注意一下这种教学形式。7.从句作插入语【例】The strange, almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors, just as they feel obliged to write dully, believe that they should lecture dully.【点睛】as引导的方式状语从句在句中作插入语，把that从句的主语和谓语分隔开。【译文】而一个非常奇怪、几乎不可理解的事实是，教授们都相信他们应该平淡地做讲座，就像他们必须平淡地写作一样。8.祈使性动词结构作插入语【例】(97-Passage 2)And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.【点睛】本句中祈使行动词remember作插入语。【译文】而且要记住，有一天你也可能会处于相同的境地。课堂练习 难句分析1 Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. (08-Text 2)2. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. (03-Text 1) 3. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (02-Text 1) 4. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. (08-Text 3) 5. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. (07-Text 1) 6. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events until, it appears, we begin to dream. (05-Text 3) 7. Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” (07-Text 1)8. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. (05-Text 1)9. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. (08-Text 2) 10. One might choose, for instance, a character who is extremely dexterous and swift, but these positive traits must be traded off against others, such as strength and endurance.课堂讲评1. 【分析】本句的主干是Other models exist that are hybrids of these three。其中that引导的定语从句修饰other models；such as引导插入语，举例对前句予以说明；where引导非限定性定语从句，修饰其前的delayed openaccess；介词结构before making it作状语，修饰allow only，其中的定语从句who wishes to see it修饰everyone。【译文】还有一些商业模式为以上三种主要模式的综合体，如延迟开放模式，这些期刊只允许订阅者阅读，期限为六个月，然后就公之于众，所有人都可以免费使用。2. 【分析】该句的主干是The winnerwas a tiny Virginia company。其中by a large margin是插入语，在句中充当状语；过去分词结构called Open Source Solutions和从句whoseof the electronic world都作定语修饰主干的表语company。【译文】结果以大比分赢得比赛的是弗吉尼亚的一家小公司，名叫“公开来源信息公司”，其明显的优势便是对电子世界的全面把握。3. 【分析】Here is an exampleof a story为句子的主干。其后的which引导的非限定性定语从句起插入语作用；介词结构of a story作定语修饰example，其中包含which引导定语从句修饰story，该从句中又包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。【译文】譬如说，我曾经在一次护士集会上听到一个笑话，这个笑话很奏效，因为所有听的人对医生的看法都很一致。4. 【分析】该句的主语是The trend，in sports后置作其定语；此处的副词though为插入成分；冒号后的内容为reality的同位语。【译文】然而，体育领域的这种趋势或许掩盖了这样一个没有被认识的事实：总的来说，美