外文翻译--动力传动技术难点分析

附 录 A Power transmission technology difficulty analysis 1 And power system working characteristics Electric vehicle has the advantages mainly in the following aspects: (1)Compared with the same kind of car engine emission reduction. (2) The motor as auxiliary power, to make the engine can play in good conditions, the efficiency of work and through the recycling braking energy, improve the vehicles fuel economy. (3) By decrease engine load reduces the noise. (4) Transformed at present only gas stations, does not need to invest in new fuel loading. 2, Planet row the characteristic of structure series (1) The engine is always in the best condition driving generators, so high efficiency, energy saving effect, have certain emissions, reduce pollution and low； (2) Installed the engine-generator, flowing energy feed to the traction motor, compared with the electric car trip mileage improved significantly； (3) Control system function, structure is simple, especially the operation control only generator according to the storage battery charging and discharging state decided to power or stopped. 3. Selection strategy 3.1 A motor vehicles in China for the development of has just started, to speed up the development of the hybrid products in China, the research and use for reference foreign results is very necessary. Power system selection in hybrid developing in a position of importance. Because of the different control strategy is based on a hybrid drive system for making and optimization. Can say power system structure types of the option to decide the hybrid of research and development, the relationship between key development progress and product the level, is the most important of HEV development and the key step. So the development must be in deep research of careful analysis and weigh the advantages and disadvantages, and on the basis of the structure of the power system type make discreet choice. In the development of comprehensive coordination performance should be advanced, technical complexity and costs and maintenance cost, according to the relationship between the use of cars conditions and their technical conditions, choose to meet the performance of both must be advanced, and not beyond the current technology conditions, and the price and maintenance costs for market acceptable to the power system type. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the following factors: (1) Motor drive power system based on particular condition commonly carry on the design. This is because most of the power system is more sensitive to working conditions, different operating conditions of the performance difference is very big, only in specific conditions to be fully low oil consumption, low emission advantages. (2) Different types of hybrid differences between performance is very clear, in the selection of the power system must be caused by the difference between performance to structure sufficient attention. If demand is high for acceleration performance, it is necessary to choose equipped with the structure of peak power regulator type； If the economy too hard, tandem, we cannot be the right choice. (3) The technical conditions, in addition to developing the conditions and power outside, still include industrial base. Stressed because of some common industrial base of power system in China, the components of the product level can not meet the requirements or still cannot production. In the actual product development will always have a certain schedule, if the technology conditions cannot be, it will be difficult to guarantee for achieving the development plan. Necessary to explore for his technical conditions especially industrial base of hybrid structure types, advocate structure innovation. (4)Open power system is to point to the need to further develop the space. Product performance is a gradually perfect process, the same development work might not one pace reachs the designated position, also need to have been the perfect. In the specific development work should be followed from the simple to the complex, from easy to difficult train of thought, to choose the technical conditions of the low required appropriate simple structure, development.(5) The structure of the power system of hybrid cost impact, this is because different types of power system for the kinds of components, the quantity and the performance requirements the difference is very big. And the kinds of components, the quantity and the performance index is the effect of the main factors of hybrid costs. Selection should also consider the use and maintenance costs, the more complex structure, the higher failure rate, use and maintenance cost is higher. Price and maintenance expenses directly related to the industrialization of HEV, if cant industrialization, can provide the necessary for further development of the capital, it will be difficult to promote and raising the level of technology to improve the performance of. In fact, the fine performance but because the price too high to commercialization, and even forced to give up the development of HEV examples not rarely seen, we should not repeat it. In view of our country at present the citys air pollution problems and oil shortages are very serious, and the technological basis of weak, preference hybrid system should be relatively simple structure, applicable to general city mode of the structure and the working condition between the cities series of parallel structure, and to buses and cars as a key development targets. It a: a hybrid car engine starting on and off, make frequent driving system and accessories (such as air conditioning and power steering, etc) of power management is complicated, so need advanced detection and control system； The existing to heat engine primarily hybrid unit in the fuel into YouYongGong at the same time, needs to improve the efficiency of conversion, and also to meet strict emission standard. Second: energy storage device (battery) to have higher than power, to meet the car accelerated and climbing to the need of high power when； At the same time, energy storage device must use heat control management, want to have higher than energy, long service life and low production cost. Third: must reduce the size of the power electronics device, reduce the quality and reduce production cost. Its 4: need to build a more advanced driving system mathematical model (including static and dynamic), is this the computer simulation and analysis of the foundation. Its 5: make perfect hybrid cars of relevant standards and regulations, for hybrid cars, which laid the foundation of the market. 3.2 Electric drive system and car accessories To make a hybrid car of the power, economy, comfort, safety and convenience to consumers can acceptable level, there must be efficient and economic power drive system and car accessories. However, the system of some components in the traditional car without a corresponding parts, so need to development design. In development at the same time, want to consider the system synthesis performance, costs and maintenance performance. 1) Motor in a hybrid car, motor is the role of the generator or energy storage device provide electrical energy into mechanical energy is used to drive the wheels. And the traditional automobile different is, motor speed can provide in full, and engine torque must be to wait until mad can only output loaded with torque. This makes hybrid cars have excellent starting and accelerating performance. In addition, used for a hybrid car motor must have good controllability and fault tolerance, and low noise, high efficiency, and is not sensitive to the voltage fluctuations and performance. Used for a hybrid car motor type has ac induction motor, permanent magnet motor and switched reluctance motor. At present the typical is ac induction motor, but this kind of motor are born is difficult to solve the contradiction between power and efficiency. Therefore, we need to study out can be used for hybrid cars, have higher efficiency and power density of permanent magnet motor, switched reluctance motor, and other advanced motor, to replace current use of ac induction motor. At the same time for the motor control method and the cooling system research also should go further. 2)Regenerative braking, this kind of hybrid cars can recycle braking energy consumption part of. When a hybrid car brake, motor, generator, using cars into the kinetic energy to produce electricity, and can be stored in battery in it for later. In hybrid cars, there are many form of energy can be used as the regenerative braking energy storage device, such as high-speed flywheel, super capacitor, elastic device and all kinds of thermal system, etc. Of course, the traditional friction braking is necessary, so you need to consider how to two sets of braking equipment reasonable use, reasonable, and the problems of control. Braking, the electronic control system of the regenerative braking and friction braking system at the same time, the braking performance will be improved. 3) Car accessories, any style of car to get consumers and all must consider the car comfort. The automobile air-conditioning accessories can improve the car of comfort, but energy use is very big, if not reduce the load, they will be for the automobile fuel economy have a huge impact. So, whether in the car at the same time, improve the comfort to improve fuel economy is at present to innovation of research. Traditional bus attachments system on the engine design, not for hybrid cars drive system. For example, the traditional automobile accessories (such as air condition, power steering, etc) by the engine drive, but because the hybrid car engines are not always work, need to design and production can the independent powered accessories. Be like again, because a hybrid car engine frequently starting and close, make its drive system and accessories for the power management complicated, need to have a more advanced monitoring and control system. 3.3 A hybrid car simulation technology In the research and development of a hybrid car components and choose the best structure, need to design and maker can quickly reduce research scope, find technical breakthrough. Technical scheme selection stages, in the system the choice, can rely on efficient modeling tools computer, through the alternate use of candidate subsystems simulation, so as to find the best solutions. Computer models for each candidate subsystem provides a detailed specifications and design parameters, and convenient to the designers work, but also to make model for designing and manufacturing engineering target and plan. Now, the responsible for electric cars and hybrid vehicles standards and regulations is the organization of the international electrotechnical commission (IEC), the international organization for standardization (ISO), the American auto engineers association (SAE), etc. For our country, because of hybrid cars are already in the experimental stage, and all the standards work should begin corresponding. For future will appear DuoZhong driving car coexistence, car standards will also need to consider the traditional automobile, hybrid cars and pure electric vehicle the comparability between universality and. 附 录 B 动力传动技术难点分析 1、动力系统工作特点 动力汽车所具备的优点主要表现在以下几个方面： (1)与同类发动机车型相比 , 排放降低。 (2)由于以电动机作为辅助动力，使发动机能够在发挥良好效率的工况下工作，并且通过回收制动能量，提高了整车的燃料经济性。 (3)通过减小发动机负荷降低了噪声。 (4)只需改造目前的加油站，不必重新投资建设新的燃料供应站。 2、行星排串联式结构的特点 (1)发动机 总是在最佳工况下驱动发电机，因此效率高，有一定节能效果，排放亦低，减少了污染； (2)安装了发动机 发电机组，源源不断地将电能输送给牵引电机，与电动汽车相比行驶里程有显著的提高； (3)控制系统功能、结构比较简单，特别是发电机运行的控制只需根据蓄电池充放电状态决定发电或停止。 3.选型策略 3.1 我国一电机为动力汽车的研制开发才刚刚起步，为加快我国混合动力产品的开发 , 研究和借鉴国外的成果是十分必要的。动力系统选型在混合动力开发中处于重要的地位。因为控制策略是根据不同的混合动力驱动系统进行制定和优化。可以说 动力系统结构型式的选择决定了混合动力研究开发的重点 ,关系着开发的进度和产品的水平，是 HEV 开发中首要的和关键的一步。因此研究开发时必须在深入调研、仔细分析和权衡利弊的基础上 , 对动力系统的结构类型作出慎重的选择。在开发中应综合协调性能先进性、技术复杂性和成本及维护费用之间的关系 , 根据车辆的使用条件和自己的技术条件，选择既能够满足一定的性能先进性，又不超出目前技术条件，并且价格与维护费用能为市场所接受的动力系统结构类型。为此需要考虑以下因素： (1)电机传动动力系统一般基于特定工况进行设计。这是因为多数动力 系统对工况比较敏感 , 不同工况性能差别很大 , 只有在特定的工况下才能充分发挥低油耗、低排放的优点。 (2)不同类型的混合动力之间性能差异十分明显 , 在选型时必须对由动力系统结构引发的性能差异给予充分关注。如果对加速性能要求高，就有必要选择配有峰值功率调节器的结构型式；如果对经济性要求苛刻，串联式就难以成为合适的选择。 (3)所谓技术条件 ,除研究开发的条件和力量外 ,还包括工业基础。强调工业基础是因为对一些常见的动力系统的部件 , 我国的产品水平还不能满足需要或尚无法生产。进行实际的产品开发总会有一定的进度要求，如果 技术条件无法保证，就难以实现预定开发目标。有必要探索适合自己技术条件尤其是工业基础的混合动力结构型式，提倡结构创新。 (4)开放性是指动力系统需要进一步完善的空间。产品性能是一个逐步完善的过程，同样开发工作也不可能一步到位，也需要进行不断的完善。在具体开发工作中应该遵循由简单到复杂、由易到难的思路，先选择对技术条件要求较低、适当简单的结构进行开发。 (5)动力系统的结构对混合动力成本影响很大，这是因为不同类型的动力系统对部件的种类、数量和性能要求差别很大。而部件的种类、数量和性能指标是影响混合动力成本的主要因 素。选型时还应考虑使用、维护费用，结构越复杂，故障率越高，使用和维护费用也越高。价格和使用维护费用直接关系到 HEV 的产业化，如果不能产业化，就不能为进一步开发提供必要的资金，也就难以促进技术水平的提高和性能的改善。事实上，性能优良但因价格过高而无法商业化、甚至被迫放弃的 HEV 开发实例并不鲜见，我们不应重蹈覆辙。 鉴于我国目前城市空气污染问题和石油短缺问题都十分严重 , 而且技术基础较为薄弱的情况 , 优先选择的混合动力系统应为结构相对简单 , 适用于普通城市工况的串联式结构和城市间工况的并联式结构 , 并以公共 汽车和轿车作为重点开发对象。 其一 :混合动力汽车发动机频繁起动和关闭 ,使驱动系统和附件 (如空调和动力转向等 ) 的电能管理变得复杂 ,因此需要先进的检测和控制系统 ； 现有的以热力发动机为主的混合动力单元在将燃油转化为有用功的同时 ,需要提高转化效率 ,同时还要满足严格的排放标准。 其二 :能量存储装置 (电池 ) 要具有较高的比功率 , 以满足汽车加速和爬坡时对大功率的需要 ；同时 ,能量存储装置必须采用热能控制管理 ,要有较高的比能量、较长的使用寿命和低廉的制造成本。 其三 :必须减小电力电子器件的尺寸 ,减轻质量和降低制造成本。 其四 :需要建立更先进的驱动系统数学模型 (包括静态的和动态的 ) , 这是计算机仿真和分析的基础。 其五 :制定完善的混合动力汽车相关标准和法规 , 为混合动力汽车的市场化奠定基础