四级讲座-考什么、怎么考1.doc

大学英语四级考试讲座一、考试性质尺度参照性考试常模参照(Norm-referenced Test) ; 尺度相关(Criteria-related Test)。59.5分被视为不及格。没有平时分、调节分、人情分 分数计算：原始分数在经过加权、等值处理后，参照常模转换为均值为500、标准差为70的常模正态分数。水平考试不依赖于那一套教材能力考试以语言应用能力（听力35%, 阅读35%和写作15%）二、改革之路87-95年试卷结构试卷构成测试内容测试题型比例第一部分听力理解听力对话短对话理解多项选择20%听力短文短文理解多项选择第二部分阅读理解仔细阅读篇章阅读理解多项选择40%第三部分词汇和结构完型填空多项选择15%句子填空多项选择第四部分 写作写作短文写作15%96-05年试卷结构试卷构成测试内容测试题型比例第一部分听力理解听力对话短对话理解多项选择（10%）20%听力短文短文理解多项选择（10%）短文听写复合式听写（10%）第二部分阅读理解仔细阅读篇章阅读理解多项选择（30%）40%简短回答（10%）英译汉（10%）第三部分词汇和结构完型填空多项选择15%句子填空多项选择第四部分 写作写作短文写作15%1996年增加新题型：英译汉、简短回答，复合式听写05年后试卷结构试卷构成测试内容测试题型比例第一部分听力理解听力对话短对话理解多项选择35%长对话理解多项选择听力短文短文理解多项选择短文听写复合式听写第二部分阅读理解仔细阅读篇章阅读理解多项选择35%篇章词汇理解选词填空快速阅读理解是非判断+句子填空或其他第三部分综合测试完型填空或改错多项选择15%错误辨认并改正篇章问答或句子翻译简短回答中译英第四部分 写作写作短文写作15%“美国化”标准化考试（85%）（“输入”、“处理”） “国际化”标准化（75%）和主观题型（25%）（“输入”、“处理”+“输出”能力）“有中国特色的国际化”改错(Error Correction)、选词填空和汉译英(C to E Translation)；写作话题是绝对的中国化1987年开始：听力(10道对话题，3篇短文)，阅读理解(4篇，20题)，词汇结构(30题)，完形填空(1篇，20空)，作文(1篇)三、命题要求大学英语四、六级考试委员会以三个考试中心为基础建立了相当稳定的命题员网络。命题员都经过专门训练，熟悉客观题和主观题的命题原则。命题员送交的客观题在题眼的确定、题干和选择项的设计等方面都要符合多项选择题的基本技术指标。此外，考试委员会还对各部分试题提出了具体的命题要求，从考核什么语言技能到怎么考核有关语言技能，都提出了明确的可以操作的要求，以保证考试的效度： 具体要求 1. 听力 听力理解部分的目的是测试学生获取口头信息的能力，包括理解主旨大意、重要的事实细节、理解隐含的意义、言语的交际功能、理解谈话人的观点态度等。1) 听写目的:考察考生在语流中词语的辨音能力(包括连读、失去爆破和弱读等), 利用上下文迅速筛选同音不同义的词语; 以及正确拼写词语的能力。 命题要求: 短文长度: 120词左右; 短文体裁: 论说文, 记叙文或说明文; 短文题材: 科普文章, 故事, 观感, 日记, 信函等; 听写词个数及词长: 控制在14个; 平均词长控制在57个字母; 听写词的类型: 以实词为主；录音速度: 120 wpm。复合式听写可以用考生自己的话语表述主要意思.3）对话听力目的: 考察考生对简短对话中主要信息的理解和推理判断能力。 命题要求: 1)主要信息的理解包括: 时间, 地点, 空间, 人物, 条件, 理由, 对比，比较, 数量, 顺序, 事实, 细节, 身份和关系等; 2) 主要信息的推理判断能力: 态度(肯定，否定, 倾向等), 语气(请求, 命令, 商定, 争论等), 情感(高兴, 兴奋, 伤感, 恼怒等)以及转折，暗示和寓意等; 3)对话总词数: 每个对话总词数控制在3045词(不含问题); 4)主要信息理解题比例为总题量的3/5, 推理判断能力比例为2/5。 对话听力（%）时间地点数量原因人物做什么方式/工具7107718474 3）短文听力目的: 考察考生对短文中主要信息的理解和推理判断及总结归纳能力。 命题要求: 1)主要信息的理解包括: 事实细节(时间, 地点, 空间, 条件, 数量等), 人物身份、关系，过程阶段的关键要点等; 2) 主要信息的推理判断能力: 态度倾向 (赞成，反对, 支持, 批评等), 情感(高兴, 兴奋, 伤感, 恼怒等)以及寓意等; 3) 主要信息的总结归纳能力: 主旨大意, 理由根据, 结论意见等; 4) 主要信息理解题比例为总题量的3/5, 推理判断能力比例为1/5, 总结归纳能力比例为1/5; 5) 短文总词数: 每篇短文总词数控制在150180词(不含问题)。 题目形式: 1) 填空式听写和复合式听写 为主观题; 2) 对话和短文听力为选择题短文听力（%）主旨态度细 节时间人物原因有什么做什么总计171312512122770 2. 阅读目的: 考察考生对书面短文中一般信息的理解能力, 关键信息的准确理解能力和篇章信息的推理判断和总结归纳能力, 一般表达和翻译能力; 考察考生书面阅读速度。 命题要求: 1) 一般信息的理解能力: 事件的主要细节, 论题的主要观点论据, 说明描述的主要定义、原理、特征特点、过程阶段等; 2) 关键信息的准确理解能力: 中心大意，关键细节, 关键词语等; 3)篇章信息的推理判断及总结归纳能力: 利用篇章结构分析(因与果，问题与解决方法, 对比与比较, 例证与列举, 定义与解释, 分类与归类, 平行结构, 照应关系, 指代关系等) 推理判断及总结归纳主旨大意、态度倾向、观点寓意、结论意见、目的建议等；4)根据上下文推断生词的或短语的意义；5）题目比例: 1)类占2/5, 2)占2/5, 3)占1/5；6) 阅读速度和总词数: 每篇短文总词数可控制在300350词(不含问题); 总词数不低于1200, 不高于1400词; 7) 词汇范围: 以现行大纲词汇附表为准, 灵活幅度控制在4500词以内; 超出范围的词汇，但根据构词法仍难以理解其准确意义造成考生阅读理解障碍的应用汉语形式给出其意思。题目形式: 1) 选择题形式；2) 翻译形式; 3) 简答形式。阅读题类型分布（%）主旨态度倾向结论推测词语推断判断细节事实12441515193188415182125文章可读性分析年份总词数总段数总句数段句数句长词长被动句数可读比难度级别94.1254315516.94.31366.47.92253113.620.44.83657.810.22584174.215.14.82357.18.8275492.230.54.52254.612小计2533.5133.7520.734.623.558.989.7397.62205112.218.65.32739.712227213522.74.41060.810.42375132.618.25.175310.3214212617.84.9849.910.7小计224.53.512.253.9519.334.931350.810.852001.62174133.216.64.8756.19.52784153.718.64.60569.52134184.511.85.11153.48.72204112.720.15.1040.712小计232414.253.5316.784.94.551.559.94年份总词数总段数总句数段句数句长词长被动句数可读比难度级别94.12533.5133.7520.734.623.558.989.7397.6224.53.512.253.9519.334.931350.810.8501.6232414.253.5316.784.94.551.559.943）语言知识目的: 考察考生在句子水平上和语篇水平上语言结构和词语意义的分析理解能力和应用能力, 特别是准确语言规则掌握的熟练程度, 词语搭配识记的数量, 以及单词拼写的准确。 命题要求: 1) 语法结构: 词法中的动词的时态、语态、语气, 非谓语动词的形式和时语态的用法, 情态动词的一般用法和 “请求、允诺、可能、推测、必须、应当、决心、意愿、命令、警告”等表示法; 动词搭配关系; 时态呼应; 限定词(冠词、数词、不定代词、形容词等)的使用和语序; 形副词(比较级、最高级形式及其修饰语、隐含比较、倍数表达等); 连接词语(连接代词、连接副词、关联词、关系代词、复合连词等); 介词(介词的一般用法和辨析、介词习语、复合介词等)。句法中的名词从句; 定语从句; 状语从句; 疑问和倒装的形式及用法; 一致关系(主谓、动宾、动状、指代一致)；强调(do形式、倒装、it句型)、否定（短语否定、部分否定、双重否定）、省略等； 2) 词汇范围: 教纲词表内的全部词汇和短语; 3) 题目比例: 语法结构题可占总题量的2/5, 词汇题可占2/5; 词汇语法综合题可占1/5。 4) 材料选择范围: 不得改编于教材。 题目形式: 选择题形式。 各种语法项目在历届考题中的分布情况 考 项年份虚拟时态情态分词不定式动名词语态否定结构比较结构独立结构强调结构省略定语从句状语从句名词从句00.62211111131100623113199.1511111111498.6211121211319862122112297.134112196.62122111122196.1221221111295.63212211195.12131313111194.1111131111293.62121212393.1232222192.631212292.12121311191.61111311111191.1432122190.6221121111390.121121111389.11311211188.621212111287.9411111224583025292219161918779352210 考 项年份虚拟时态情态分词不定式动名词语态否定结构比较结构独立结构强调结构省略定语从句状语从句名词从句24583025292219161918779352210 词 类 分 布 词 性 年份介词短语动词名词形容词00.155,59 ,6063,6844,48,6242,69,6051,54,57,6599.641,51,56,6547,50,66,6742,44,64,7054,596199.141,48,52,56,6151,64,6749,53,5598.655,6145,6850,52,5747,63,6598.132,39,4241,43,46,52,54,5547,49,51,50,5697.652,5951,3436,37,38,39,4135,4097.129,30,4831,38,5033,35,41,4623,3924,28,4396.621,30,35,3938,32,3323,26,29,34,4736,44,5096.130,3432,41,46,5022,25,2735,43,4895.659,60,61,6267,68,69,7062,6365,6695.151,5963,65,6894.148,62,6947,64,68,41,56,6145,4993.646,56,63,6552,57,6443,60,66,6993.147,65,7046,6444,57,6949,6091.668,6646,47,55，54,61,6442,44,45,5690.156,61,62,63,6558,67,69,7049,50163951553212availablearisewould ratherappreciatein thattrans-前缀的动词43555 10以上词 性 年份介词短语动词名词形容词163951553212语 言 知 识（%）动 词代词形容词副词介词名词句 法动义动短时态语态虚拟不定式分动词情动词序定从状从倒装名从121352331633957614721473115912134）.完形填空部分 完形填空部分的目的是测试学生综合运用语言的能力。 完形填空部分的选材原则与阅读理解部分相同，要求学生在全面理解内容的基础上答题。命题时要考虑到要求填入的词项中虚词和实词各占一定比例，并且要包含若干必须在正确理解全文后才可能答对的题项。 5）综合改错部分 综合改错部分的目的是测试学生综合运用语言的能力，不但要求学生能够识别错误而且能够写出正确的语言形式，因此是一种对语言表达能力的测试。 综合改错部分的选材要求是题材熟悉、没有背景知识方面的困难、文章难度略浅于阅读理解材料、文章内容要有一定的逻辑展开。命题时在短文中安排 10 个错误(不含拼写错误或标点错误)要求学生改正。错误分三种类型，一种是需要改正某个词，一种是需要增添某个词，一种是需要删除某个词。需要改正的错误有的是局部性的，有的是全局性的，涉及篇章结构；两者有一定比例，要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上改正错误，使短文的意思完整、语言正确。6）写作目的: 考察考生在语篇水平上的语言综合运用能力。 命题要求: 1) 题目: 为考生所熟习，能够使用所学语言知识表达出来; 以英文形式给出; 英文形式题目中如有生词可加汉义；2) 段落提纲: 汉语或英语提示; 两段或三段。题目形式: 1) 命题式作文；2) 命题图表式作文41. Before he left for his vacation he went to the bank to _ some money.A) pull B) pick C) gain D) draw42. By the end of the year all but two people _. A) have left B) will leave C) will be leaving D) will have left43. Frankfurt, Germany, is in one of the most _ populated regions of Western Europe. A) densely B) vastly C) enormously D) largely44. Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office room _. A) to send it to B) to send it C) to be sent to D) to have it send45. The police set a _ to catch the thieves.A) plan B) device C) trap D) trick46. We _ to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A) have hoped B) would hope C) had hoped D) should hope47. We have to try every means to _ the costs of the construction project. A) bring off B) bring forth C) bring down D) bring back48. The students were participating _ an international energy-saving competition between towns in New England and Canada. A) for B) in C) to D) at49. When she was criticized, she claimed that it was outside her _ of responsibility. A) field B) limit C) extent D) range50. While _ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth. A) having orbited B) being orbited C) having been orbited D) orbiting51. Language is a city, to the building of _ every human being brought a stone. A) which B) that C) it D) this52. _ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing. A) None B) Either C) Both D) Neither53. Government cannot operate effectively _ it is free from such interference. A) so long as B) so that C) unless D) because54. We welcome rain, but a(an) _ large amount of rainfall will cause floods. A) extensively B) extremely C) specially D) constantly 55. Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as _ other musicians.A) superior to B) more superior than C) more superior to D) superior than56. I hope that youll be more careful in typing the letter. Dont _ anything.A) withdraw B) omit C) reduce D) lead57. We dont need air conditioning, _.A) nor can we afford it B) and nor we can afford itC) neither can afford it D) and we can neither afford it58. She is a very _ secretary: she never forgets anything or makes a mistake. A) anxious B) effective C) adequate D) efficient59. The Browns _ here, but not any more. A) were used to living B) had lived C) used to live D) had been living60. Ill accept any job _ I dont have to get up early. A) lest B) as long as C) in case D) though61. Once out of the earths gravity, the astronaut is _ by the problem of weightlessness. A) affected B) effected C) inclined D) related62. Medical research has shown that the widespread use of cigarettes contributes _ the increase of cancers. A) towards B) for C) with D) to63. Could you find someone _?A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennisC) play tennis with D) playing tennis with64. The computer has brought about surprising technological changes _ we organize and produce information. A) in a way B) in the way C) in that way D) in no way65. The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _ after 11:00 p.m.A) not to play loud music B) shouldnt play loud musicC) dont play loud music D) couldnt play loud music66. He is late again today. Ill _ that he will not be late tomorrow. A) be sure B) hope for C) see to it D) make it so67. In Australia the Asians make their influence _ in businesses large and small. A) feeling B) feel C) felt D) to be felt68. This popular sports car is now being _ at the rate of a thousand a week. A) turned down B) turned out C) turned up D) turned on69. In Britain people drive _ the left. A) at B) on C) to D) in70. This programme will examine the writers books in detail, _ an introduction to her life. A) following B) having followed C) being followed D) to be followed四、主要问题1. 准确记忆差；2. 准确理解差；3. 准确表达差；4. 速度不达标。 原因: 1. 词汇量储备不足，特别是听力词汇不足; W: I really cant stand the way David controls the conversation all the time. If hes going to be at the Christmas party, I just wont come.M: Im sorry you feel that way. But my mother insists that he come. Q: Why has David been invited to the party? 2. 短语储备不足; 3. 对语言结构反映迟钝, 影响试卷完成速度; 4. 技能应用不熟练。 Although April did not bring us the rains we all hoped for, and although the Central Valley doesnt generally experience the atmospheric sound（4）and lightning that can accompany those rains, its still important for parents to be able to answer the youthful questions about thunder and lightning.（3） The reason these two wonders of nature are so difficult for many adults to explain to children is that they are not very well understood by adults themselves. For example, did you know that the lightning we see flashing down to the earth from a cloud is actually flashing up to a cloud from the earth? Our eyes trick us into thinking we see its a downward motion when its actually the other way around（2）. But then, if we believed only what we think we see, wed still insist that the sun rises in the morning and sets at night.（4） Most lightning flashes take place inside a cloud, and only a relative few can be seen jumping between two clouds or between earth and a cloud. But, with about 2,000 thunderstorms taking place above the earth every minute of the day and night, theres enough activity to produce about 100 lightning strikes on earth every second. Parents can use thunder and lightning to help their children learn more about the world around them. When children understand that the light of the lightning flashing reaches their eyes almost at the same moment, but the sound of the thunder takes about 5 seconds to travel just one mile, they can begin to time the interval between the flash and the crash to learn how close they were to the actual spark.五、备考 1认清形势，打破幻想，只有拼一拼，才有希望 2加强复习的计划性、全面性和针对性计划：10周，70余天（1月12日），每天不少于1小时建议：A. 2周全面复习（词汇语法）；B. 6周，68试卷；C. 2周补漏全面复习：打好扎实的语言基础，不扎实的技能训练不会有效果，不扎实的大量低级错误会导致抱憾终身的失败。词汇A. 实词为主，重点v., n., adj., ad. ；B. 基本词义、读音、拼写；及构成的短语用法；C. 虚词重点在习惯用法。语法时态、语态、语气, 非谓语动词的形式和时语态的用法；动词搭配关系; 时态呼应；关系代词、复合连词；一致关系(主谓、动宾、动状、指代一致)；强调(do形式、倒装、it句型)、否定（短语否定、部分否定、双重否定）、省略。针对性复习：A. 通过四次模拟和已完成的练习，横向对比发现薄弱题型，通过每套试卷各个题型、各题得分，纵向分析哪类题是自己的漏洞。B. 针对薄弱题型和知识、技能漏洞读些复习指导书；C. 错不怕，但一定要错个明白。3复习方法1）三个结合：听说背诵结合，读译写结合，套题和堵漏结合听说背：从现在起每天20分钟精听。4周听课文，听后5分钟，做复述，5分钟朗读和背诵结合。4周后，听考试听力，要求一样。读译写：真题40篇，模拟16篇，阅读40篇，共96篇。每次读两篇15分钟，每周3-4次，读68篇。每周从中选出3篇错误率高的变为精读，逐词逐句重读，划出不认识的词、所有的短语，弄准意思。每篇选出23句（句长在15词左右）译成中文。之后利用重点词和短语提炼出提纲，利用其中一篇的提纲缩写原文。这样，每周阅读68篇，精读3篇，翻译69句，写3篇提纲，写1篇作文。精读、译、写放在周末，需2小时。套题和堵漏结合：每完成2套题即可简单分析自己的问题，不能掉入题海，一定要一步一个脚印。2）调整2个心态：焦虑慌乱、无计划、没有主见、人云亦云，不切实际的目标；动力不足失去信心、破罐破摔、撞大运、投机取巧。 3）树立一个信念：过4级靠自己。Suppose we built a robot (机器人) to explore the planet Mars. We provide the robot with seeing detectors to keep it away from danger. It is powered entirely by the sun. Should we program the robot to be equally active at all times? No. The robot would be using up energy at a time when it was not receiving any. So we would probably program it to cease its activity at night and to wake up at dawn the next morning. According to the evolutionary (进化的) theory of sleep, evolution equipped us with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking for the same reason. The theory does not deny (否认) that sleep provides some important restorative functions. It merely says that evolution has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would be inefficient and possibly dangerous. However, sleep protects us only from the sort of trouble we might walk into; it does not protect us from trouble that comes looking for us. So we sleep well when we are in a familiar, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when we fear that bears will nose into the tent. The evolutionary theory accounts well for differences in sleep among creatures. Why do cats, for instance, sleep so much, while horses sleep so little? Surely cats do not need five times as much repair and restoration as horses do. But cats can afford to have long periods of inactivity because they spend little time eating and are unlikely to be attacked while they sleep. Horses must spend almost all their waking hours eating, because what they eat is very low in energy value. Moreover, they cannot afford to sleep too long or too deeply, because their survival depends on their ability to run away from attackers. (312/107)21. The author uses the example of the robot in space exploration to tell us _.A) the differences between robots and men B) the reason why men need to sleepC) about the need for robots to save power D) about the danger of men working at night.22. Evolution has programmed man to sleep at night chiefly to help him _. A) maintain a regular pattern of life B) prevent trouble that comes looking for him C) avoid danger and inefficient labor D) restore his bodily functions23. According to the author, we cannot sleep well when we _.A) are worrying about our safety B) are overworkedC) are in a tent D) are away from home24. Cats sleep much more than horses do partly because cats _.A) need more time for restorationB) are unlikely to be attackersC) are more active than horses when they are awakeD) spend less time eating to get enough energy25. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?A) Evolution has equipped all creatures with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking.B) The study of sleep is an important part of the evolutionary theory.C) Sleeping patterns must be taken into conside