虚拟语气和主谓一致.doc

主谓一致n “一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系， 这又叫做“主-动一致”（ Subject-verb Concord ）。指导原则n 1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord) n 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。n The number of errors was surprising.n Jane and Mary look alike.n 2. 意义一致原则 （Notional Concord）n 1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。n The crowd were running for their lives.n 单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia等。n 2) 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。n The news was very exciting.n 形复意单的单词有news, works （工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics, economics等。n 3. 就近原则（Principle of Proximity）n 谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not only, but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。n Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.I. 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致n 1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数n arthritis:关节炎 bronchitis :支气管炎 n mumps:腮腺炎 diabetes:糖尿病 n phlebitis:静脉炎n 但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病) 谓语可用单/复数n 2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数n darts:投镖游戏dominoes:多米诺骨牌n marbles:打弹子游戏 billiards:台球n 但cards(打纸牌)用复数；n 当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数n Darts is often played in English pubs.n Two darts are thrown at every turn.n 3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数n mathematics:数学 physics:物理学n optics:光学 statistics:统计学n politics:政治学 acoustics:声学/音响效果n economics:经济学 athletics:体育学n mechanics:机械学 semantics:语义学n linguistics:语言学 tactics:兵法/策略n 当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数n Statistics is not as difficult as some people think.n The latest statistics on crime are beyond description.n 注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数n classics:杰作,著作 comics:连环图画n ethics: 伦理学 cosmetics:化妆品n 4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数n the West Indies西印度群岛 n the Bahamas巴哈马群岛n the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉 n the Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡 n the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布n the Rockies 落基山脉 n 但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands（荷兰）。n 5.由二部分组成的物体通常以S结尾，如果不带“一把”等单位词而单独使用，通常用作复数。n scissors剪子 shears 大剪刀 pincers 、tongs 钳子 pliers 老虎钳 pajamas 睡衣，宽长裤 suspenders吊裤带 knickers短裤，灯笼裤 pants 裤子 jeans 工装裤 shorts 短裤 briefs 三角裤 shoes glasses/spectacles 眼镜 binoculars 望远镜 chopsticksn 如带有单位词，则由单位词的单/复数来决定谓语动词的单/复数n A pair of shoes was on the desk.n 6.下列以s结尾的名词通常用作复数n archives:档案 arms:武器n eaves:屋檐 contents:内容n goods:货物 suburbs:郊区n thanks:谢意 wages: 工资n stairs:楼梯 remains:遗体n morals:道德，品行 minutes:记录n 注:whereabouts(行踪，下落)，dramatics(舞台艺术)可用单/复数n 7.凡是由-ings结尾的名词常用作复数n clippings:剪下来的东西 filings:锉屑n earnings:收入 diggings:掘出的东西n lodgings:租的房间 surroundings:环境n sweepings:扫拢的垃圾n 注:tidings( 消息,音信)可用作单或复数n .以结尾的单，复数同形的名词，谓语动词形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数；意义不同，单复数也不同n barracks:营房 headquarters:总部n means:方法,手段,工具 series:系列n species:种类 works:工厂 n crossroads:十字路口n This glass works was set up in 2008.n These glass works are near the railway station.n 9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同n Whats the odds?有什么要紧？=what does it matter? （差别）n The odds are against us.我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会）n The martyrs remains were buried at the foot of the hill.遗体n Here is the remains of the temple.遗迹n 练习：n 1.The Alps (covers, cover) an area of 200,000 square kilometers and (is ,are) the greatest mountain range in Europe.n 2.Draughts (is, are) an easier game than chess.n 3.What (is, are) his politics ?n 4.The remains of Shakespeare (is, are) buried on Stratford-on-Avon.n 5.Politics (is, are) the art or science of government.n 6.Mr Smiths morals (is, are) above criticism.n 7.Usually a bird species facing the danger of extinction( gains, gain) public recognition.n 8 The species of fish in the aquarium (is, are) numerous.n 1.通常用作复数的集体名词:people, police, folk, youth, cattle, poultry, militia, verminn His cattle were still lean.n Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.n Many cattle are kept. 饲养了很多牲畜。n Several hundred police were on duty.几百个警察在执勤。n The police are searching for him.n 2.通常用作单数的集体名词:advice, baggage, equipment, information, knowledge, machinery, scenery, news, foliage, merchandise, furnituren The merchandise on display in the shop window is very good.n All the machinery is new.n 3.既可用作复数也可用作单数的集体名词：family, army, group, committee, company, government, enemy, class, team, party, club, majority, crowd, audience, jury, union, fleet（舰队）,faculty（能力；大学教职人员），crew，publicn His family are all music lovers.n His family isnt large.n His family_ going to have a long journey.n The whole family _ watching TV.n 练习：n 1.The jury _in opinion about “sentence of death.”n A. disagrees B. disagree n C. agrees D. has disagreedn 2.Today the public _about the way nature is being ruined.n A. are concerned B. is concernedn C. have been concerned D. is being concernedn 3.The committee cant come to a decision because _at odds.n A. it has B. they have C. it is D. they aren 4.The majority _on Bens side, but Peter disagrees with them on two points.n A. were B. was C. is D. areKeys : b d d dIII. 并列结构(Coordinate Subject)做主语的主谓一致n 1.用and或bothand 连接并列主语，谓语通常用复数n To mean to do something and to actually do something are two separate things.n 但是当并列主语指的是同一个人，事物或概念时，谓语用单数，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。n Truth and honesty is the best policy.n The girls teacher and friend is a young doctor.n To love and to be loved is the great happiness.n To try and fail is better than not to try at all.n A knife and fork is on the table.n Bread and butter is our daily food.n 类似结构有：whisky and soda, strawberry and cream, salt and water, ham and egg, cart and horse，fish and chips等。n 2.当and 连接的单数主语前面有 each, every, many a, no 等修饰时，（即 many aand many a; everyand every; eachand each; noand no）谓语动词用单数n Many a boy and many a girl has seen the brighter-than-expected white flash of light.n No teacher and no student was present at the opening ceremony.n 3.如主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, rather than, like, but, except, besides, in addition to等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数n That man, as well as his wife, is accused of molesting minors since 1950s.n A professor, together with his students, was sent to work in Nigeria.n The room with its furniture was rented.n 4.由or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut (also), not but 等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语与邻近的主语取得一致n Either you or he is to go.n Not only Joan but her sisters know the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.n 练习：n 1._either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?n A. AreB. Were C. Is D. Doesn 2.Joes father, along with his two uncles, _in New York one more day.n A. demand that he stayn B. demands that he staysn C. demands that he stay n D. demand that he staysn 3.Every policeman and fireman _on the alert.n A. have been B. was C. are D. weren Keys : c c b IV.代词以及“限定词+名词”作主语的主谓一致n 1. 由不定代词every, each, each one ,each of, another, either, neither, no one, the other, everybody, everything, many a, more than one 等作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。n Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.n More than one man believes that the promise of the American Dream is still out of reach for many blacks in the city.n 2. 由“ a great many, a good many, a group of, a number of +复数名词 ”作主语时，谓语用复数。IV.代词以及“限定词+名词”作主语的主谓一致n A great many graduates think they are all entitled to make a mistake once in a while.n 3. all of, some of, a lot of, half of, most of, the majority of, two thirds of, ninety percent of, the rest of, plenty of, part of, heaps of（堆）等+名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单/复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数，因为这些词是中心词n Half of the apples go bad.n The rest of the land is uncultivated.n 练习：n 1.Although the first part of the book is easy, the rest _.n A. are difficult B. has proved difficultn C. is supposed difficult D. have been found difficultn 2.Mrs.Angel feels very happy when the rest _appearance.n A. makes B. make their n C. has made their D. have made hisn 3.More than one example _necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.n A. should be B. is C. are D. have beenn 4.Another five weeks _necessary for us to finish the work.n A. are B. were C. is D. will have beenn Keys : b b b cV.数词、量词作主语的主谓一致n 1.表加，减，乘，除等算式时，谓语常用单数。如数词是复数形式，如：thousands of, millions of 等，谓词常用复数n Ten minus two is eight.n Forty divided by eight is five.n 2.当a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a kind of, a great deal of, a great amount of 等+复数主语时，谓语动词用单数形式n A large portion of Emilys poems was found and published after her death.n A series of lectures on educational psychology is said to be given by E. Stone .n 3.当a flock of, a drove of, a school of, a swarm of, a herd of, a pack of 等集体名词被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数。如指个体，用复数n Usually, a herd of African elephants has up to one thousand members.n 4.the number of +复数主语，谓语用单数； a number of +复数主语，谓语用复数n A number of Britons were sent to Tehran yesterday.n The number of Britons was fifty-four.n 练习：n 1.The number of students in the oral English program training _to 20.n A. limits B. is limited n C. limited D. are limitedn 2.A series of debates between the lecturers _ for the next weekend.n A. are scheduled B. was scheduledn C. were scheduled n D. have been scheduledn Keys :b bVI.分句，从句作主语的主谓一致n 1.不定式分句和ing 分词分句作主语，谓语用单数n Writing stories and articles is what I enjoy most.n 2.名词性从句作主语，谓语动词常用单数n What caused the accident is a complete mystery.n That blacks in Americas second-largest city fare the worst among all major races in education, health, economics, housing and criminal justice is said by a study released on Wednesday.n 3.定语从句中从句与先行词的数保持一致n I am one of those people who by the general opinion of the world are counted both infamous and unhappy.n George is the one of the brightest confidants who has graduated from Mongolia University .n I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.n 4.存在句中，be 的单复数适用就近原则n There has to be a lot of give-and-take in any successful marriage. n There are four chairs, a table, and a small bed in the room.n 5.强调句“It is I who .”中，分句动词形式与I要保持一致。非正式英语中，可用me代替I ,随后的分句动词常用第三人称单数n It is I who am to blame.n It is me that was injured in the accident.n 练习：n 1.John is the one of the staff members who _to be transferred. n A. is going B. are goingn C. have been going D. has been goingn 2.He is one of those persons who_ never satisfied.n A. are B. is C. has been D. to ben 3.What they have done _useful to the people.n A. are considered B. is consideredn C. have been considered n D. will be consideredn Keys :a a bn 6某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数 n 第一组： a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 the majority of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 n 第二组； the number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 each/every + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 neither/either of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 one and a half + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 n 第三组； more than one + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 n 第四组； the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of 谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致 n 第五组； (n)either (n)or. not only. but also not .but 谓语的数与主语的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分）一致. 注意比较： More students than one have been referred to .More than one student is going to buy this book.Exercise Five1.How close parents are to their children_ a strong influence on the character of the children.(1991-6-69) A. have B. has C. having D. to have 2. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university_.(1998-1-33) A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted 3. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes,_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. (2000-6-43) A. have allowed B. allow C. allowing D. allows1. B 父母与子女亲近的程度对于子女的性格培养有强烈的影响。2. C 两个申请这个大学职位的年轻人都没被录用。3. D 有弹性的兼职工作方式以及培训计划的推广，使得越来越多的妇女能利用就业的机会。虚拟语气条件句n 条件句为非真实条件句时，所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。 与将来事实相反也可以用过去时：were, did一、虚拟语气在条件句中与现在事实相反的假设 虚拟条件句: If+主语+动词的过去式（动词be用were) 主句:主语+should,would,might,could动词原形与过去相反的假设 虚拟条件句: If+主语+had +过去分词 主句: 主语should, would, might, couldhave done与将来相反的假设 虚拟条件句: 1、If+主语+动词过去式 2、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形 3、If+主语+should +动词原形 主句: 主语should, would, might, could动词原形虚拟语气的几个句型 n 1、虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中 n A用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。 n B用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 n Cwish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 n The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. n -“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” n -“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” n I wish that he werent so lazy. 虚拟语气的几个句型主句谓语从句谓语wish对情况的虚拟从句谓语形式现在动词的过去式（be用were）过去had + 过去分词could, would + have +过去分词将来would, could, might+ 动词原形n 2、would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner, just as soon和would prefer所引导的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望或表示说话人婉转的责备。 例如： n Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 n I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 n I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。n 注意：would ratherthan 和would rather than 后面的从句用虚拟语气。用法是than后的从句要用should+动词原形, 从句的that可省略。n I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret.n Hed do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman.would rather + do (than do) 宁愿(而不)sb. +动词过去式（与现在或将 来事实相反）had + 过去分词（与过去事实相反）n 3、had hoped/thought引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 n His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.n 4、 虚拟语气用于as if/ as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。n She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.n 她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 n They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 n She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。 n 5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与as if和wish后面的动词变化规律相同，用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如”，但suppose 是动词，不是连词。如：n Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?n Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S. do?n 6. whether it (he) be or意为“不管（不论）是还是”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略结构为be itor, be heor等，必须用倒装。例如：n Be he what he may, he should obey the rules.n Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining.n Home is home, be it ever so homely.(再穷也是家)n All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms.n The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. n 7、Its (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式或should +V, should不可省去。 n Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. n It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.n 8、 if it were not for与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for： n If it had not been for his help(=but for his help), we would not have succeeded. n 9、由连接词in case, lest ,for fear that， (in order that, so that)引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should (might) +动词原形，例如： n She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 n The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. n Note: n fear/be afraid/worried lest sb. do sth.n 表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况，从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如：n She fears lest he arrive too late.n We were afraid lest it be broken.n 10. was (were) +to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but（陈述语气）n I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam. n 11. It is that sb. (should)n 句型一：It is 形容词 that n 句型二：It is a 抽象名词 that n 句型三：It is 过去分词 that n A、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有： n advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的 n determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的 n complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 n desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要 n asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的 n natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议 n urgent紧迫的ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的 possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed提议 n requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的 n probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾 n 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以forto do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 n It is essential that he should be prepared for this. n It is essential for him to be prepared for this. n B. 常这样用的抽象名词有：pity, shame, no wondern C. Its suggested that the school (should) organize an outing when spring comes.n It is required that middle-schools students (should) take at least one-hour exercise every day.12. 建议、命令、和要求等,谓语形式是“(should)+动词原形”。 A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有： n ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求 n command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望 n determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张 n move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令 n prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心 n recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 n urge强调，促进 vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求 n 注意：这