虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood).doc

虚拟语气 (Subjunctive Mood)I. 形式：（五种）1). 原形形式 (base form) e.g., It is / was necessary that we / you / he start at once. Amanda urges / urged / has urged that we / you / he accept the post. 虚拟语气原形形式有被动语态形式，由助动词be的原形形式加主动词的-ed形式构成。 e.g., Mr. Black insists / insisted that I be punished. The committee proposes / proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected. 虚拟语气通常只用一般体，表示强调时也可以用进行体，但没有完成体和完成进行体。 e.g., The photographer asks that the Prime Minister be sitting at his desk when the photographs are taken. 虚拟语气原形形式的否定式不需要助动词do帮助，通常直接将not置于动词之前构成。 e.g., It is essential that this mission not fail. They insisted that we not eat meat. If that be not the case, I shall leave. He recommended that the prisoner not be / be not released.2). 一般式 (indefinite form), 即一般体 (indefinite aspect), 表示主观设想在说话或主句表示的时间的同时或之后发 生的情况。 e.g., I wish I were / was at the beach now. If I knew him, I would tell him about it. They are / were talking as if they were good friends. 注意：在It is time (that)后通常用I was而不用I were; 在if I were you中通常用I were而不用I was; 在as it were中只能用were, 不能用was; 在不用连词的非真实条件状语从句中，也只能用were, 不能用was。 e.g., Its time I was in bed. If I were you, I would accept it. The sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain. Were a serious crisis to arise, the government wouldhave to act swiftly. 谓语含有情态动词时，其虚拟语气一般式由情态动词的-ed形式加主动词的一般体不定式表示。 e.g., I wish you wouldnt talk so much. If I could fly like a bird, how happy I would be!3). 完成式 (perfective form), 即完成体 (perfective aspect), 表示主观设想在说话或主句表示的时间之前发生的情况。e.g., I wish that I had been at the beach then. If I had known him, I would have told him about it. They are / were talking as if they had been good friends for years.谓语含有情态动词时，其虚拟语气完成式由情态动词的-ed形式加主动词的完成体不定式表示。e.g., I wish I could have gone with them. If you would have lent me the money, I would have bought a yacht last year.4). 进行式 (progressive form), 即进行体 (progressiveaspect), 表示主观设想在说话或主句表示的时间的同时或之后正在进行的情况。谓语含有情态动词时，其虚拟语气进行式由情态动词的-ed形式加主动词的进行体不定式表示。 e.g., They wish they were coming to England again this year. If I were / was leaving, you would have heard about it. Things wouldnt be going on so smoothly if we hadnt worked so hard in these years.5). 完成进行式 (perfective progressive form), 即完成进行体(perfective progressive aspect), 表示主观设想在说话或主句表示的时间之前正在进行的情况。谓语含有情态动词时，其虚拟语气完成进行式由情态动词的-ed形式加主动词的完成进行体不定式表示。 e.g., They wouldnt be feeling so tired if they hadnt been walking a whole day. If he had been living in Paris, he would have been working in our company. II. 虚拟语气原形形式的用法：1). 用于简单句表示祝愿，诅咒等。 e.g., Long live world peace! God bless you. The devil take it! 这种用法的虚拟语气原形形式可以用情态动词may加一般体不定式代替，may需置于主语之前。 e.g., May God bless you. May there never be another world war! Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune!2). 用于一些公式化的结构。 e.g., Be it so. Ill work all night if need be. Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose. If he doesnt want to see us, then so be it (= then let it happen).3). 用于名词从句，多见于正式文体，特别是美国英语，在英国英语中通常用情态动词should (有时用shall) 加一般体不定式代替，在非正式文体中通常用陈述语气动词表示：(1). 用于表示必须，重要，希望等的形容词advisable, anxious, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, desirable, essential, imperative, important, (im) proper, inevitable, necessary, obligatory, preferable, urgent, vital等之后的主语从句。 e.g., It is necessary that he (should) leave here. It is appropriate that this tax (should) be abolished. It is advisable that he (should) stay for the entire conference. 上述形容词在动词believe, consider, find, think等之后作宾语补语时，其后的宾语从句也需要用虚拟语气原形形式。e.g., I think it advisable that he leave here. We find it necessary that he (should) be on time.(2). 用于表示命令，决定，要求，提议，建议，劝告，坚持等的动词advise, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, desire, forbid, insist, intend, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge等之后的宾语从句。 e.g., We advise that steps (should) be taken at once. They demanded that their voice (should) be heard. Ram insisted that she (should) not accompany him.上述动词用于被动语态时，主语从句也需要用虚拟语气原形形式。 e.g., It is required that everyone be at the meeting on time. It has been suggested that every member contribute some money for the renovation of the clubhouse.(3). 用于表示命令，决定，要求，提议，建议，劝告，希望，坚持等的名词advice, command, decision, demand, desire, instruction, intention, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, regulation, request, requirement, resolution, suggestion, wish等之后的主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。 e.g., It is my wish that he (should) come at once. The regulation is that everyone come to the classroom by eight. James ignored the doctors advice that he (should) take a vacation.(4). 用于少数表示意向或意愿的形容词后的宾语从句。 e.g., They were insistent that we be ready. Mary was anxious that Tom (should) meet her father. Bob is strongly desirous that you (should) attend the meeting.4). 用于状语从句：(1). 在正式文体中用于表示推测的条件状语从句，主句谓语动词用陈述语气或祈使语气；在英国英语中通常用情态动词should加一般体不定式表示，在非正式文体中通常用陈述语气动词表示。 e.g., If the rumor (should) be / is true, everything is possible. If country life (should) be / is healt