被动语态 主动语态与被动语态的转换(牛津英语8A unit3 grammar).doc

被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者动作的执行者很重要时，用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者；动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的；不知道或不想知道谁是动作的执行者；该动作比执行者重要时，用被动语态。e.g. They will build a new bridge over the river. ( _语态) A new bridge will be built over the river. ( _语态) Some stamps were stolen last week. ( _语态) Football is played in most middle schools. ( _语态)被动语态的形式汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词(be done)构成。(1) 常用时态的被动语态的构成： 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下： 一般现在时： am / is / are + given 一般过去时： was / were +given 一般将来时： shall / will +be+ given 过去进行时： was / were + being + given 现在进行时： am / is / are + being + given 过去完成时： had + been + given 现在完成时： have / has + been + given 将来完成时： shall / will + have been + given 过去将来时： should / would +be+ given 现在完成进行时： have/has been being done 含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词be done 注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。2）被动语态的否定式：在第一个助动词后加not构成。Russianisnottaughtinourschool.我们学校不教俄语。3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。Weremanytreesplantedonthehillyesterday? 昨天山上种了许多树吗？Howmuchmoneywasstoleninall? 一共被偷了多少钱？主动语态与被动语态的转换口诀： 宾语提前主语变， 原主变宾by后见， 时态人称be关键。1 主语+谓语+宾语注意：把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 They bought a new computer last term. A new computer _ last term. He plants trees in spring. (改为被动语态) _ Tom will clean the room tomorrow. (改为被动语态)_ Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. (改为被动语态)_2. 主语+谓语+间接宾语（sb.）+直接宾语（sth.） My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present (by my uncle) on my birthday. A present was given to me yesterday. 注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。e.g. My bike was lent to her.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。e.g. The meat was cooked for us. 注意：有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 e.g. He asked me a question.A question was asked of me. People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语) 练习：(1)将句子变为被动语态。The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps._ (2)在横线上填for 或者to. Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made _ me. ) Some country music was played _ us. The cup with mixture was showed _ the class. 3. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。e.g. We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。 e.g. We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。 e.g. Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. 误：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 e.g. The food tastes delicious. 误：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 e.g. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： e.g. The fire broke out in the capital building. 误：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。e.g. He entered the room and got his book. 误：The room was entered and his book was got. 第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： e.g. I taught myself English. 误：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 误：Each other is loved.第六、有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。 e.g. The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。 对比： The books sell well. The books were sold out. The meat didnt cook well. The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat.特殊句式在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如： 据说It is said that 据报导It is reported that 据推测It is supposed that 希望It