英国历史与文化英文版ppt.ppt

anintroductiontobritishhistoryandculture englishhistory prehistoricenglandromanbritain 43 410 theanglo saxonsandvikings 450 1066 normansandplantagenets 1066 1272 lancasterandyork 1272 1485 thetudors 1485 1603 thestuarts 1603 1714 orderanddisorder 1714 1837 victoriaandempire 1837 1910 peaceandwar 1910 1945 contemporarybritain 1945 chapter1earlyengland oldstoneage 70 000 8000bcmiddlestoneage 8300 3500bcnewstoneage 3500 2500bcbronzeage 2500 700bc iberians ironage 700 100bc celts thedawningofenglishhistory150bc 50 officialtitleunitedkingdomofgreatbritainandnorthernirelandbritishislesincludinggreatbritain thewholeofireland alltheoffshoreislands 1 1geography someterminology isolatedfromeuropebytheenglishchannelandthenorthseaonceperceivedasbeingontheedgeoftheworldtheseasaroundbritainalsoactedasbarriersagainstattemptedinvasions thearmada 1588 thefrench 1805 nazigermany 1940 1 1geography geographyandhistory generallymildandtemperateweatherallowsfarmingtoflourishacrossthecountrynorth lessfertileland wettersouth fertileland drier 1 1geography weather huntersandgatherersoldstoneage paleolithic 70 000 8000bcmiddlestoneage mesolithic 8300 3500bcnewstoneage neolithic 3500 2500bc 1 2earlysettlers newstoneage 3500 2500bcstonehenge史前巨石阵amonumentalcircularsettingoflargestandingstonessurroundedbyanearthwork 1 2earlysettlers stonehenge insearchofhistory00 20 01 38 thecelts ironage 700 100bc fromnorth westerneurope ancestorsofthehighlandscots theirishandwelshgaelic盖尔语 languageofcelticorigin 1 2earlysettlers chapter2romanbritain romaninvasion 55bc 410ad britishrecordedhistorybeginswithromaninvasion firstlandingin55b c ledbyjuliuscaesarcompletecontroloverthelandin43a d leavinginaround410a d whatisthemeaningofb c anda d bcstandsfor beforechrist adstandsforthelatinphrase annodomini means intheyearofourlord thepurposeofthebc addatingsystemtomakethebirthofjesuschristthedividingpointofworldhistory gaiusjuliuscaesar july13 100bc march15 44bc aromanmilitaryandpoliticalleaderplayedacriticalroleinthetransformationoftheromanrepublicintotheromanempire romaninvasion 55bc 410ad firstlandingin55b c ledbyjuliuscaesarreasonsthelureoftreasurestopunishtheceltsbecauseofthehelptheyrenderedtheirfellowtribesmeningaulresultsfailedbecauseofweatherwithdrawwithhostagesandprisoners romaninvasion 55bc 410ad 2 completecontroloverthelandin43a d leaderheadedbytheemperorclaudiusreasonscameasimperialiststoexploitandgovernbyrightofbeingthesuperior romaninvasion 55bc 410ad 3 leavinginaround410a d theromanempiredisintegratedin476a d leftbehindawellestablishedceltic romanculture romansoldiers resistancetoromanoccupation fornearly400yearsbritainwasundertheromanoccupation butitwasneveratotaloccupation romantroopsoftenwithdrew resistance thepictstwogreatwallstokeepthepicts hadrian swallantoninewall romaninfluence theromanisationofbritannia romanlaws taxes engineeringskillsarchitectureromansocialsystemthelatinlanguagesystemofwritingandnumberingintroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownsbroughtthenewreligionchristianitytobritain romaninfluence theromanisationofbritannia romantowns london york bathbaths temples amphitheatres竞技场 romanaqueducts高架渠romanroads morethan5000roads anetworkofroadstoconnectlargetowns romancivilizationwasbasedoncitylifeinhundredsofwalledtownlinkedbymilitaryroads romantown bath bathabbey romanamphitheatre romanaqueduct romanroad theimpactofchristianity thecelt sreligionpolytheism 多神论 animals rivers andlakeswerealsotreatedasgods celticgodsandgoddesses romanbritain christianmerchantsandtradersarrivedinenglandinthe1stcenturya d butmadelittleimpact inthe2ndcentury christianityslowlyspread inthelate6thcentury christianitywasintroducedwidelyinengland christianity beliefinonegodhead thecelt sreligion beliefinseveralgodsafterconstantine sconversiontochristianity polytheism 多神论 monotheism 一神论 britannia anglo saxonperiodinthemiddleofthe5thcentury anglo saxonssettledhere englishpeopleowemuchoftheirtradition language physicalheritagetothem tall fair haired vikinginvasion bythe8th thedanishbegantoinvadeenglandinasuccessfulwayuntilalfredthegreatdefeatedthem kingalfredthegreat r 871 899阿佛列大帝 heisoftenregardedasthefirstkingofaunitedengland hedefeatedthedanesatbattles 28 beowulf theoldestenglishepic tellsthestoryofascandinavianhero probablywritteninnorthumbriaintheearlyeighthcentury itprovidesastrikingpictureofearlygermaniclife theearliestsurvivingmanuscriptofbeowulfwaswritteninsaxoninthelatetenthcentury p73 29 themanuscriptofbeowulf 32 anevildragonrobbedthehollycupawayandguardedthecupinhiscavenotallowinganyonetotouchit 33 beowulfledhismentosailacrosstheseatofindthehollycupbackforhispeople thenormanconquestafteredwarddied dukeofnormandy williami wascrownedinlondon onchristmasday1066 significance a anewdynasty anewaristocracyb astrongnormangovernment feudalsystemc theupperranksoftheclergywerenormanizedandfeudalized 封建时代 1 william srule 1066 1087 a strongmonarchywasestablishedb frenchlanguagewasusedinthecourtandupperclassesc domesdaybook greatsurveyoftherealmin10892 henry sreform 1154 1189 a establishedtheplantagenetdynasty 1154 1485 b replacedthefeudallawwithroyalorcommonlaw thejuryof12swornmen3 magnacarta thegreatcharter in1215a signedbykingjohnb thebasisofmodernenglishconstitutionc theupholdingofindividualrightsagainstarbitrarygovernment 4 theparliamentin1265a duringhenry simondemontfortcalledthefirstparliamentb commonerssatforthefirsttime5 thehundredyears war 1337 1453 a betweenfranceandengland frenchwonb introducedthefirststandingarmiesinwesterneuropec bourgeoisiewaspushedonahigherrangofsocialladderd falloffrenchlanguageinenglande englandandfrancewasseparatefromeachotherentirelyforever 6 thebackdeathin1348a spreadbyratfleasb killed1 5millionoutofthetotal4millionpeoplec grainfarmingturnedtosheepfarming7 wattyler suprisingin1381a infightingagainstthepolltaxin1380b markedthebeginningoftheendofserfdominmedievalengland8 thewaroftherosesa betweenhouseofyork whiterose andhouseoflancaster redrose b markedtheendofmiddleagesandbeginningofmodernworld great great great grandsonofedwardiii henryvii henryviii edwardvi maryi elisabethi 3 走向现代英国 1 henry 1509 1547 a thechurchofenglandseparatedfromromancatholicismb kingofenglandbecameboththesecularandreligiousworldc kingbecametherealheadofenglandasanationstate maryi catholicburningnearlythreehundredprotestantsatthestakelosingcalais 2 elizabeth 1558 1603 a thelasttudormonarch nevergotmarriedforthegoodofthenationb securethechurchofengland compromisebetweenrcandpc destructionofspanisharmadashowedengland ssuperiorityasanavalpower elisabethi protestantthevirginqueenspanisharmadaneutralityandcompromise 3 theenglishrenaissancea fromthebeginningof16thcenturytothe17thcenturyb thegreatestenglishhumanist jamesi1603 1625charlesi1625 1649charlesii1660 1685jamesii1685 1688williamiii1688 1702andqueenmaryii1688 1694queenanne1702 1714 jamesi charlesii plague 1665 greatfire 1666 st paul scathedralbysirchristopherwren jamesii escapedtofrancein1648 disguisedasagirlcatholicpersecutionoftheprotestants 4 thecivilwars 1642 1651 a parliamentaryvictory1651b executionofcharlesi1649c protectorate 1653 1659 olivercromwellandhisson5 restoration 1660 charlesreturnswithabigwelcomeandwascrownedinapril1660 astherestorationofstewartdynasty 6 gloriousrevolution 1688 a james wasoverthrownbyparliamentarianswithaninvadingarmyledbythedutchstadtholderwilliamoforangeb billofrights autocraticmonarchy constitutionalmonarchyc markedtheendoffeudalismandthebeginningofcapitalism britaincameintobeingin1707withtheactofunionwhichunitedenglandandscotland 7 whigsandtorieswhigsfavoredreformandtoriesaremonarchists williamiiiandqueenmaryii offeredt