英语常见3大从句.doc

主从复合句(状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句)【考点分析】状语从句1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别;2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句;3.before,和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型;4.till和until的用法;5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法;6.结果状语从句中“sothat”与“suchthat”的区别;7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法;8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法;9. in case引导的状语从句;10.where引导的状语从句;11.once引导的状语从句。12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。名词从句1. that和what引导名词性从句的区别;2.名词从句的语序和时态;3. it作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况;4.宾语从句的否定转移;5.whether和if的用法区别;6.what在名词性从句中的使用;7.doubt后的名词性从句的使用;8.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别;9.连接词that的省略;定语从句1.that与which引导的定语从句的区别;2.who、whom与whose引导的定语从句的区别;3.关系副词where、when与why引导的定语从句的区别;4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查;5. suchas与suchthat的区别;the sameas与the samethat的区别;6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查;7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用in which ,that 或者省略;8.含有插入语的定语从句;9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。1 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别1.限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限定性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列从句、状语从句等。He gave up the plan, which (=though it) was a very good one.I met john, who (=and he) told me the news.I will take this one, which (=for it) seems to be the best.He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.)He has two sons who work it the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)2.非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略。Who(主语) whom(宾语) which(主语，宾语)不能用that代替，也不能互相替换。在“介词+which/whom从句”结构中，介词不能移到后面。When where可以用于非限制性定语从句中。2 关系代词的用法 1.关系代词的作用和分类关系代词的作用有三个：连接作用 关系代词引导从句吗，把它和主句连接起来。 替代作用 关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词。 成分作用 关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。2.关系代词的分类从句关系代词格用于限制性和非限制性定语从句用于限制性定语从句指人指物即指人又指物主格词whowhichthat宾格词Who(m)属格词WhoseOf whomWhoseOf whichwhose关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据：根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性。根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物。根据它在句子所充当的成分主语、宾语、表语或定语。关系代词that和which的用法3.限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词 that的情况：当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one时。如：Do you have anything that you want to say for youself?You should hand in all that you have.当先行词被the only, the very(恰恰，正好)，any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。This is the very person that Im waiting for.The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.当先行词是形容词最高级或者先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时：This is the best that has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时：This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.What is the first American film that you have seen?当先行词既有人又有物时：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?当主句的主语是疑问词who 或which时：Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用了which,另外一个宜用that:They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.当先行词在在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时：Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.4.定语从句中，必须用which的情况：在非限制性定语从句中，只用which,不用that:Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which,不用that:This is the house in which Luxun once lived.Tips:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，又有动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前：This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for.关系代词who, whom , whose 的用法当先行词指人：1在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that,不可省略；2在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that/who，可以省略；3在定语从句中作定语时，用whose,不可省略：She is the girl who/that lives next door.先行词在定语从句中作主语Thats the girl(whom/who/that)I teach.先行词在定语从句中作宾语This is the scientist whose achievements are well-know. 先行词在定语从句中作定语。This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house, the window of which broke last night. This is the house, of whicg the window broke last night.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词+which/whom1. 当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom,且关系代词不能省略：Is this the house in which she was born?In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.2. 在限定性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which, that/whom/who作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略：This is the hero that/who /whom we are proud of. 可省略This is the pen that /which I wrote the letter with.3.”复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装结构：He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.3. “介词+ which/whom +不定式”结构The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house to live in.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.The beggar has no money with which to buy food.=The beggar has no money to buy food with.=The beggar has no money that/which he can buy food.关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as即可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：1.Such + 名词 + as 像一样的，像之类的The same + 名词 + as 和一样的其中关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语：We have found such materials as are used in their factory.These houses were sold at such a low price as people expected.He is not the same man as he was2.such asSuch为代词，意为“这样的人或物”,as 在从句中担当成分，修饰先行词such:This book is not such as I expect.关系代词as和which的区别1. as 引导的非限制性定语从句，既可以放在主句前，又可以放在主句后，有时可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可以替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词：the weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expected.2.当非限定性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.=The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/ which is known to everybody.=It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.=What is know to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(后两句属于名词性从句范畴)Tips: as的习惯性用语As anybody can see, as is well-known= as is known to all, as we have expected, as often happens, as has been said before, as is mentioned above2. 当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as就永远等于which:当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时只能用which:He came here very late, which was unexpected.当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语：She has been absent again, as is expected.Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.3. as常用在as(it)seems likely, as (it)often happens, as(it)was pointed out,as(it)was said earier, as I remember (it)等结构中：Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.She has read widely in Romantic literature, as it appears from her essay.4. as任然保持了作连词时常有的某种含义：David is tall, as are my brothers.He opp