外文翻译--电控机械式自动变速器

附 录 附录 A 电控机械式自动变速器 （ AMT）是在传统的手动齿轮式变速器基础上改进而来的；它揉合了 AT（自动） 和 MT（手动）两者优点的机电液一体化自动变速器； AMT 既具有 液力自动变速器 自动变速的优点，又保留了原手动变速器齿轮传动的 效率高、成本低、结构简单、易制造的长处。它揉合了二者优点，是非常适合我国国情的机电液一体化自动变速器。它是在现生产的机械变速器上进行改造的，保留了绝大部分原总成部件，只改变其中手动 操作系统 的换档杆部分，生产继承性好，改造的投入费用少，非常容易被生产厂家接受。它的缺点是非动力换档，这可以通过电控 软件 方面来得到一定弥补。在几种自动变速器中， AMT 的性价比最高。 AMT 用先进的 电子技术 改造传统的手动变速器 ,不仅保留了原齿轮变速器效率高、低成本的长处 ,而且还具备了液力自动变速器采用自动换档所带来的全部优点。它以特有的经济、方便、安全、舒适性而备受所有驾驶者的欢迎 ,成为各国开发的热点。驾驶员通过加速踏板和操纵杆向电子 控制单元 （ ECU）传递控制信号；电子控制单元采集发动机转速传感器、车速传感器等信号，时刻掌握着车辆的行驶状态；电子控制单元（ ECU）根据这些信号按存储于其中的最佳程序，最佳换档规律、离合器模糊控制规律、发动机供油自适应调节规律等，对发动机供油、离合器的分离与结合、变速器换档三者的动作与时序实现最佳匹配。从而获得优良的燃油经济性与动力性能以及平稳起步与迅速换档的能力，以达到 驾驶员 所期望的结果。 AMT 是对传统干式离合器和手动齿轮变速器进行电子控制实现自动换档的新式变速器，其控制过程基本是模拟驾驶员的操作。控制单元 (ECU)的输入有：驾驶员的意图 -加速踏板、档位选择；汽车的工作状态 -发动机转速、节气门开度、车速等。控制单元 (ECU)根据换档规律、离合器控制规律、发动机节气门自适应调节规律产生的输出，对节气门开度、离合器、换档操纵三者进行综合控制，有效配合 。 AMT 由于继承了齿轮传动固有的传动效率高、机构紧凑、工作可靠等优点，并可以实现手动和自动两种模式选择，因此有较强的可靠性和适应性。一些专家认为，它具有比 AT 更大的发展优势。 AMT 在美国和 欧洲 已实现了商品化。据预测，到 2008 年，欧洲近 50%的 MT 将被 AMT 代，部分 AT 市场也会被 AMT 占据。 近几年重型汽车发动机功率 200 350kW，输出扭矩 900 2200Nm ，需要 爬行档 速比为 10 17，要求 档位 间隔小，速比阶小于 30%，这就需要使用更多的 档位 (8 16 个前进挡 )，而且越来越多地采用副变速器的 多档位 变速器 。副变速器的采用和 档位 数的增多，加大了驾驶员的操纵难度和劳动强度，变速器的故障率上升，手动机械式操纵机构已不适应当今重型汽车的发展。 我国从 20 世纪 80 年代初就开始了 AMT 技术的研究工作，并取得了一系列成果。在 AMT 技术理论上的研究与国际水平相当，但在产品化方面，与国外的差距较大。 在 AMT 技术理论研究取得一系列成果后，目前国内研究主要集中在提高系统可靠性、适应性和降低成本上。北京理工大学正在与国内几家汽车公司和变速器生产厂家合作开发 AMT 产品，这促进了 AMT 技术商品化、产业化。经过 20 余年的探索和发展，我 国对 AMT 技术的研究已经逐步走向成熟，已具备了向商品化、产业化转变的条件。推广 AMT 系列化产品不仅符合我国国情，而且市场发展潜力巨大。欧洲最大的独立汽车变速器供应商 GETRAG 公司在我国进行了广泛的市场调查后也认为，我国的重型汽车 AMT 市场前景广阔。 附录 B Electronically controlled automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) is in the traditional manual transmission gear based on the improvement comes； it combines the AT (automatic) and MT (manual) the advantages of mechanical and electronic integration between the two automatic transmission； AMT bothautomatic transmission with a hydraulic automatic transmission advantage of retaining the original manual transmission, gear transmission, high efficiency, low cost, simple structure, easy manufacturing strengths.It combines the advantages of the two is very suitable for Chinas mechanical and electronic integration automatic transmission.It is now on the production of mechanical transmission, transformation, retaining most of the original assembly of components, changing only one manual shift lever part of the operating system, the production of inheritance is good, less the cost of transformation of inputs, very easy to be producedmanufacturers to accept.The disadvantage non-power shift, which can be electronically controlled by a certain software to make up.In several automatic transmission, AMTs cost-effective. AMT with advanced electronic technology to transform traditional manual transmission, gear transmission, not only retained the original high efficiency, low-cost advantages, but also with a hydraulic automatic transmission with automatic shift all the advantages brought about.Its special economic, convenience, safety, comfort and much welcomed by all drivers, as countries in the development of the hot spots.Driver through the accelerator pedal and joystick to the electronic control unit (ECU) to pass control signals； electronic control unit acquisition engine speed sensors, speed sensors and other signals, always hold the state of the vehicle； electronic control unit (ECU) based on these signals bystored in one of the best procedures, the best shift schedule, clutch fuzzy control law, rules and other adaptive engine oil, engine oil, the separation and combination of clutch, transmission shift action and timing to achieve the three mostgood match.To obtain good fuel economy and dynamic performance and a smooth start with the ability to quickly shift to achieve the desired results the driver. AMT is a traditional dry clutch and manual transmission, electronic control gear shift of the new automatic transmission, the control process is basically a simulation of the drivers operation. Control unit (ECU) of the input are: the drivers intentions - the accelerator pedal, gear selection； car working condition - engine speed, throttle opening, vehicle speed and so on. Control unit (ECU) according to shift schedule, clutch control law, law of the engine throttle adaptive output generated on the throttle, clutch, gear shift control manipulation of the three comprehensive and effective cooperation. In recent years heavy vehicle engine power 200 350kW, the output torque of 900 2200N m, need to crawl stall speed ratio of 10 to 17, requires a small stall interval, the ratio is less than 30% of the order, which need to use more Stalls (8 to 16 forward gears), and more and more use of multi-gear transmission, auxiliary transmission. The use of auxiliary transmission and increase the number of stalls, increasing the drivers manipulation of the difficulty and labor intensity, the failure rate of increase in transmission, manual mechanical control mechanism is not suited to the development of todays heavy vehicles. Of the early 80s from the 20th century began AMT technology, research, and made a series of achievements. Theoretical research in AMT technology and international level, but the products are concerned, the larger the gap with foreign countries. Theoretical research in AMT technology made a series of results, currently mainly focused on improving system reliability, flexibility and lower costs. Beijing Institute of Technology is working with several domestic auto comp