倒装与虚拟.doc

一、倒装结构英语句子按主谓排列顺序来分有正常语序和倒装语序。正常语序的结构是“主语+ 谓语”，倒装语序为“谓语（或谓语的一部分）+ 主语”。 倒装语序分为完全倒装和部分倒装两种。完全倒装是将谓语部分的所有单词移至主语前面；部分倒装是只将谓语的一部分（助动词、系动词或情态动词）放在主语之前，如果句中的谓语动词没有助动词或者情态动词，则需要添加助动词（does, do或者 did）。以下内容分别讲述部分倒装与完全倒装的适用范围。1. 部分倒装1) Seldom、never等具有否定意义或否定形式的词或者词组放句首时用部分倒装。这些词或者词组包括：(1) no, not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, little, few, not until, by no means, in no time, in no case, in vain，on no account, under/ in no circumstances,包含有这些词在句首的句子，句子的主干部分倒装。例如：In no circumstances must you accept any money against your conscience.本句子中，位于句首的是表示否定的短语in no circumstances (绝不)，后面部分应用部分倒装，将情态动词must提前。译文：在任何情况下你都不能昧着良心接受钱。（2）以not only but also., no sooner than scarcely/ hardly.when, neither .nor.,前后连接的句子，前面一个分句要倒装，后面的不用(但是neither .nor除外, neither nor引导的前后两个分句都用倒装)。例如：Not only is he a good student, but also (he is) an excellent athlete. 该句子以not only开头，其后用倒装，但是but also后面的分句用正常语序。译文：他不但是个好学生，还是个优秀的运动员。 注意：当这些词或词组不放在句首时则用正常语序；若放在句首的否定词修饰的是句子的主语，构成主语的一部分则不用倒装。2) “only状语（副词/介词词组/状语从句）”结构位于句首表示强调时用部分倒装（如果only去掉就是全部倒装）。例如：Only then did he realize that it was of great significance.该句以only+状语then开头，后面的句子用部分倒装。译文：到那时他才意识到这事意义重大。注意：如果only不在句首或者虽在句首但是其后的词组不是状语则不需倒装。3) 如果前面句子中所说的情况也适合后面的句子，后面的句子用so（肯定句），nor/ neither（否定句）引导倒装句，用do/ does/ did代替实义动词。例如：We have come to realize all work is equally important, so has Alice. 本句中，表示前面所说的情况适用于后面，而且是肯定的，用so has Alice的结构。译文：我们开始意识到所有的工作都很重要，Alice也是这样认为的。4) 如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分含有were, had, should 时，将were, had , should放在句首，条件句部分省去连词if, 变成倒装句，如果出现not等否定词，否定词放在主语后面。例如：Were it not for his help, I would still be homeless. 此句不倒装时的正常语序为：If it were not for his help, I would still be homeless. 条件句的谓语部分含有were一词，将were提前，if省略，变成倒装句。译文：要不是因为他的帮助，我现在依然无家可归。注意：从句中的had不一定是助动词。例如：Had I money, I would go shopping. 5) as 作“尽管虽然”，引导让步状语从句，由于语法需要，把表语状语动词提于句首，其基本句式结构为：形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语。例如：Child as he is, he seems to know everything.此句不倒装时的正常的语序为：Although he is a child, he seems to know everything. 名词 child前不加冠词，译文：尽管他是个孩子，他好像什么都懂。又如：Hard as he worked, he made little progress. 此句等同于Although he worked hard, he made little progress. 译文：尽管他努力，但是还是没有取得什么进步。注意：句首名词不能带任何冠词；句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。6) so .that., such .that.的句子结构中，若so, such 和与其所修饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒装。例如：So little did I know about music that the lecture was completely beyond me.本句等同于：I knew about music so little that the lecture was beyond me. 译文：我对音乐的了解很少以至于这个演讲我完全听不懂。2. 完全倒装1) 副词here, there, in, out(表示方向的副词或地点状语), up ,down, away, back, now, then, ahead，away, thus 等位于句首,当谓语动词是be（有时是stand, lie, live等表示状态的词）, come, go, follow, run等表示位置移动的不及物动词，而且主语又是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即完全倒装。例如：Here is the key you want. 句首为here，谓语动词为is, 用完全倒装结构。译文：你要的钥匙在这里。注意：此类倒装不用进行时态，也就是说，不能用类似There is going the bell的结构；若主语是代词时，不用倒装。2) 表语或者充当地点状语的介词短语放句首时用完全倒装。 例如：In the lecture hall sit many students. 该句陈述句为：Many students sit in the lecture hall. 译文：演讲厅里坐着很多学生。注意：在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，应该根据主语而不是前面的表语来选择句子的谓语动词。例如：In the box lies a cat. （陈述句：A cat lies in the box.）例题及分析1. Not until _ in the river _ the importance of environmental protection.A did all the fish die ; did the villagers realizeB all the fish died; did the villagers realize C all the fish died; the villagers realizedD did all the fish die; the villagers realized2. Hardly _ his speech when the students started cheering.A he had finished B did he finish C had he finished D he finished 3. Only by diligence and confidence _ steady progress in our language study.A you make B you be able to make C can you make D will you able to make4. _ me earlier, I would have signed the contract. A If you informed B If you inform C Had you informed D Did you inform5. Little _ how much his mother loves him.A knows he B does he know C he knows D he will know 6. It was because of bad weather _ the sports meeting had to be postponed until next week. A so B so that C why D that 7. _ it to live in an English-speaking country that_ English well.A So inconvenient I felt; I determined to learn B So inconvenient did I feel; I determined to learn C So inconvenient felt he; did I determine to learn D Such inconvenient did I feel; did I determine to learn 8. -We have to stop talking here. Listen! There _. - Hurry up, or we will be late.- Has the teacher come yet? - Look! Here _. A the bell goes, is she coming B goes the bell, she comes C the bell is going, she is coming D goes the bell, comes she 9. If you do not go shopping next Sunday, _. A so do I B so will I C nor do I D nor will I 10. Only because _ some cancelled bookings _ some tickets for the concert in the end.A were there; did he get access to B were there; he got access toC there were; did he get access to D there were; he got access to11. _ (直到他完成使命) did he realize that he was seriously ill. （CET-4, 2008. 06）答案解析：1. 答案：B译文：直到河里的鱼都死了村民们才意识到环境保护的重要性。分析：考点为not until放在句首时的部分倒装结构。在这种结构中，不是not until 所引导的从句All the fish died in the river倒装，而是主句The villagers realized how serious pollution is倒装，为动词realized添加助动词did倒装。2. 答案：C译文：他的发言一结束学生们就欢呼起来。分析：考点有两个：倒装与时态。Hardly when(= as soon as) 结构中的部分倒装。在这种结构中，hardly 后面的句子用部分倒装，when后的句子用正常语序。此外，该结构常用时态为hardly后接过去完成时，when后接一般过去时。3. 答案：C译文：只有靠勤奋与自信,我们在语言学习中不断地取得进步。分析：此题考察的是only+状语位于句首的部分倒装结构。如果用be able to的倒装结构应该将be 提前。4. 答案：C译文：如果你早点通知我，我就不会签那份合同了。分析：考点有两个：虚拟语气和倒装。从主句谓语would have signed the contract可以判断此题是对过去发生事实的虚拟，所以从句部分用过去完成时态。Had you informed me earlier相当于If you had informed me earlier.5. 答案：B译文：他对妈妈有多么爱她知之甚少。分析：此题考察的是little这种表示否定的词语位于句首的部分倒装结构。6. 答案：D译文：是因为恶劣的天气运动会才被推迟到下周的。分析：此题考察的是it引导的强调句的基本结构。强调的是原因状语because of bad weather，用that来强调。7. 答案：B译文：我觉得不懂英语在英语国家生活是如此的不方便以致于我下决心要好好学习英语。解析：在so that句型中，“so+ 形容词或副词”提前到句首时，主句部分倒装，从句保持不变。此句的正常语序为：I felt it so inconvenient to live in an English- speaking country that I determined to learn English well.8. 答案：B译文：-就聊到这里吧。听！上课铃响了。 -快点，要不我们要迟到了。-老师已经到教室了吗？- 看！老师走过来了。解析：此题的考察的是副词here, there, 等表示方向的副词或地点状语位于句首,当谓语动词是come, go,等表示位置移动的不及物动词时的结构。当主语是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即完全倒装；但是，当主语是代词时，不用倒装。9. 答案：D译文：如果你下周日不逛街，我也不会去。解析：此题考点有两个：倒装与时态。nor will I 相当于I will not go shopping next Sunday, either. If引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时，主句的时态应该用将来时。没有倒装时的句子结构为If you do not go shopping next Sunday, I will not go shopping, either.10. 答案：C译文：只是因为有些订票被取消了他才能在最后弄到一些音乐会的票。解析：此题考察的是only+ 状语结构位于句首的部分倒装。这里的状语由because引导的状语从句来充当，状语从句本身不倒装，要倒装的是主句部分he got access to some tickets for the concert in the end. 倒装时，添加助动词did, got access to 还原为get access to.11. 答案：Not until he had finished his mission.解析：根据后面的倒装部分did he realize that与前面的汉语提示“直到”，确定本题用Not until开头，此外，did he realize用的是一般过去时，not until引导的从句中用表示过去的过去的时态，即过去完成时。二虚拟语气在条件句中的用法结果主句条件从句与现在事实相反Would/ should/ could/ might + do did (be的过去式都用were)与过去事实相反Would/ should/ could / might + have done had done 与将来事实相反Would/ should/ could / might + do Did were to + do should+ do 例题 1. I wouldnt have achieved what I have now if I _ those misfortunes.A. havent had B. hadnt had C. had D. wouldnt have2. If we had not followed the reform and open policy, we _ such great achievement.A. would not win B. would not have won C. would have not won D. will not have won3. The students demanded that the university _ in military research.A. not cooperate B. must not cooperate C