初中英语从句句法通辅导课.doc

初中从句句法通辅导课宾语从句 1. 宾语从句的定义：2. 宾语从句的连接词：引导宾语从句的连词有that、whether、if；连接代词主要有who、whom、whose、which、what；连接副词主要有when、where、why、how等。3. whether与if用法区别 whether与if在表示“是否”、引导宾语从句时常可通用。但以下情况下只能用whether1）介词后的宾语从句用whether引导 例：Were talking about whether we can get the chance.2）whether引导宾语从句时可以与or not连用 例：I dont care whether the work will take long or not.3）whether引导的宾语从句可置于句首 例：Whether they will join in the picnic I dont care.4）在不定式前，只有whether 例：I am just wondering whether to stay for another hour or jus start off right away.4. 宾语从句之主句与从句时态一致补充内容：主句若为过去时态，从句要用相应的过去时态。1）从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动作同时发生。 例：I only knew Cathy was studying in a western country, but I didnt know what country she was in.2）从句用过去完成时，表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前。 例：Carol told me that she had told Sally about the meeting already.3）从句谓语用过去将来时，表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后。 例：He told me that he would take part in the high jump.5. 宾语从句的简化宾语从句的简化有三种情况：1）当主句谓语动词是find, see, watch, hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语+宾语补足语”结构，宾语补足语为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。 例：She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. = She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.2）当主语谓语动词是hope, wish, decide, forget, plan, agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。 例：She agreed that she could help me with my maths. = She agreed to help me with my maths.3）在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词+不定式”结构。 例：Can you tell me how I can get to the station? = Can you tell me how to get to the station?定语从句 1. 定语从句的定义：2. 定语从句的关系词：3. 由“介词+关系代词”作介词宾语引导的定语从句：注意点：1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when, where和why互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.4）固定搭配的词组，不能把介词提到关系代词前。（正）He has a little son (whom/that) he has to look after.（误）He has a little son after whom he has to look.4. 只用关系代词that的情况：补充 1）当先行词是all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，much等不定代词时Is there anything (that) you dont understand?2）先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much等修饰时。You can take any seat that is free.3）当先行词前面有the only，the very，the last等修饰时。He is the only person that can help you out. 4）当序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。This is the second time that you told us the story.This is the best book that I have ever read.5）先行词同时含有人和物时。We talked about the things and people that we were interested in.6）当主句是以疑问词who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。Who is the boy that is playing football?状语从句 时间状语从句1 时间状语从句由when / while / as A. when-表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为“当时”。例：Ill visit you when I arrive in Beijing. My father came in when I was watching TV. B. while-表示某段时间内，主从句动作同时发生，常对两个动作进行对比，意为“当时”。例：While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside. C. as-表示主句和从句的动作并行发生，不指先后，意为“当时”。例：As I left the house, I forgot the key. 我离开家时，忘了拿钥匙。 2 until / till A. Notuntil / till意为“直到才”。主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时，用否定式。表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。例：I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework. 我直到完成作业才去睡觉。B. until / till.意为“直到为止”。主句谓语动词是持续性动词时，用肯定式。表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止。till通常不用于句首及强调句，其他情况常可与until换用。例：Ill wait for you until you come to see me. 我会一直等到你来看我。条件状语从句条件句的时态：A. 表示假设的情况在现实中可能发生。“主将从现”例：Ill visit the Great Wall if it doesnt rain tomorrow. B. 表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall / will + 动词原形，而直接用一般现在时。例：You get 3 if you add 1 and 2. 你用1加2会得3。原因状语从句表达语气：because since asbecause引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。since引导原因状语从句语气比because弱，一般位于句首表示已知的、显然的理由，即人们已知的事实。意为“既然、鉴于”。as引导原因状语从句语气最弱，表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，从句放在主句前或后均可（常放于主句之前）。意为“因为”。地点状语从句连接词表示抽象条件的含义时，从句需放在主句之前。例：Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句。通过有无先行词判断。This is where he was born.（状语从句）This is the village where he was born.（定语从句）结果状语从句与目的状语自学让步状语从句让步状语从句可由though / although，even though / if，whoever / no matter who，however / no matter how，whatever / no matter what，as等引导。比较状语从句与方式状语从句自学比较状语从句可由asas，not as/ soas，than，the more, the more引导。目的状语从句可由so that, in order that等引导。句子成分 1. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）2. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in goo