定语从句 讲义.doc

课题名称定语从句课型复习课教学目标复习和掌握定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用和功能，能准确选择定语从句所需的关系代词或关系副词教学重点连词的确定教学难点让学生学会分析句子结构，从而确定连词；定语从句与同位语从句及其他一些句子结构的区别课前复习布置学生熟记定语从句各关系代词和关系副词的用法课题内容讲解一、 课题引入Enjoy the music video“Lemon Tree”T: Whats the name of the song?S: It is Lemon Tree. T: Do you like the song whose name is Lemon Tree?S: I like the song whose name is Lemon Tree very much.请学生把歌曲最后一句空缺的词填上。I wonder how I wonder whyYesterday you told me bout the blue blue skyand all _ I can see and all _ I can seeand all _I can see Is just a yellow lemon tree （答案：that, that, that）根据以上所说的2句I like the song whose name is Lemon Tree very much.all that I can see is just a yellow lemon tree.请学生分析这两个句子中划线部分所出现的语法现象，由此导入到“定语从句”。二、主要内容一.首先 定语从句能分为限制性与非限制性定从限制性I. 基本形式：noun/pronoun + 关系代词 / 关系副词 定从先行词 (人/物)1. Ive read all the books (that) you lent me. 2. I have lost my pen which I like very much.II. 关系代词先行词关系代词 用：在定从中充当的成分人Who主语/宾语whom宾语人/ 物that主语/宾语物that/which主语/宾语 人/物Whose=of whom/which定语II. 关系副词先行词关系副词 用：在定从中充当的成分时间名词when=at/in/on which时间状语地点名词where=at /in /on which地点状语 原因名词why=for which原因状语Practice:1. I know the reason _ he came late.2. Do you know the woman, _son went to college last year?3. The house _ color is red is Johns.4. This is the best film _ Ive ever seen.5. Thats the town _ he worked in 1987.6. I have 2 brothers, _ are both soldiers.7. Next week, _ youll spend in your hometown ,is coming.8. Ive tried 2 pairs of shoes, neither of _ fits me well.若先行词是: case, situation, stage时, 1）若充当定从的“主、宾、表”时，用which 或that - 定从: 2）若充当定从的“状语”时，用where-定从.The situation _the students designed for the play proved a success.(宾语)The situation _the students acted the play proved a success.先行词是“时间、地点、原因名词”时，并非总是用“when, where，why”来引导定从，应视该名词在定从中所充当的成分而定. 1）若充当定从的“主、宾、表”时，用which 或that - 定从: 2）若充当定从的“状语”时，用where,when,why-定从.The shop _ I bought the book is big.The shop _ I bought the book in is big. The shop _ is located nearby my house is big. The reason _ he was late is unkown. The reason _ he told me for his absence is not true.III.以下情形用that不用which或who1) 先行词是“人和物”2) 先行词是主句的表语、疑问词、关系代词本身.3) 先行词是adj.的最高级或被adj.的最高级所修饰4) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰。5) 先行词被only, all, very, any. no, little, few 所修饰及不定代词。IV.以下情形用which不用that: 在介词之后；引导非限制性定语从句；当定从修饰的是整个主句的意思 时，通常用非限制性定语从句。V. whose引导的定从的三种表达形式： 1)n.(先行词) + whose + n.-定从 2)n.(先行词) + the n. + of which/whom-定从 3)n.(先行词) +of which/whom + the n. -定从The house _ is red is Johns.A. its color B. color of whichC. the whose color D. of which the colorVI. way in which/that/不填-若way充当定从的“主、宾、表”时，用which 或that - 定从: He hated being spoken to in the way_ she spoke to her father. The way _she told me is effectiveVII as-定从1) 与 which-定从的区别： as-定从:A) as-“正如的” B) 位于句首、句末、句中 which-定从： A) which无具体意义 B) 位于句末His mother is an engineer, _ makes him very proud. A which B who C that D as_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. A. That B. Which C. As D. It比较以下句型：What is known to the world is that-从句 世人所知晓的是 It is known to the world that-从句 .为世人所知 As is known to the world, 正如世人所知 Complete the following sentences with that” or “which”.1. This is the 2nd article _ I have written in English.2. It is the best film _ he has ever seen.3. This is the very book _ I want to read.4. All _ they told me surprised me.5. They talked about the teachers and schools _ they had visited.非限制性1. 当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。2. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。3. 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as可放在句首、句中、句尾，which可放在句中、句尾，不能放在句首。_ we all know, China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known，China is rich in natural resources. A. Which B. As C. It D. That二.定语从句与同位语从句(一)、从词类上区别同位语从句前面的名词只能是:idea, fact, news, hope, belief, degree，information suggestion, proposal, word, thought,storydoubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等表示抽象意义的名词。 定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。如： We are looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.我们正在调查的是他是否值得信赖的问题引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语（指物时还可以用which代替），并且作宾语时常常省略。 That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成份，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。The fact that our team lost the game is not the fact (that/which) the committee announced .The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面。Our team has won the game, which makes us very happy.His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽最大努力帮他学习。 (二)、从性质上区别 定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴； 同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。The news that our team has won the game is true.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。The news (that) he told me yesterday is true .昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(三)、从引导词及其在句子中的成份上区别:有些引导词如: how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。如：That question whether we need it has not been considered.我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。（同位语从句）引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语（指物时 还可以用which代替），并且作语时常常省略。 That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成份，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替The order that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.我们应派几个人去帮助别的几个小组的命令昨天已收到了。（同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that虽不作成份，但不能省略）1. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether2. Luckily, wed brought a road map without_ we would have lost our way. A. it B. that C. this D. which3. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _road conditions need . A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving三.定语从句与It isthat的强调句的区别强调句型的句式结构为：“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who从句”。1)在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，一律用that，而不用when, why或how；2)在强调主语和宾语时，如果主语和宾语指代人，则可用who和whom来代替that, 3)从句中的人称和数要与被强调的主语和宾语保持一致。这些都容易与定语从句混淆。注意区别以下几种句型：It is + 段时间 before-从句 (时同步)It is + 段时间 since-从句(过去时)It is + 点时间 when-从句It is +时间状语 that-从句It was 2 p.m. _he came back.It was at 2 p.m. _ he came back.It wasnt until 2 p.m. _ he came back.Not until 2 p.m. _he come back.It is 2 hours _he came back.It is 2 years _he comes back.定语从句和强调句型的判断方法：若将句中的 “It is/was”和“that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型；若句子结构不完整，则说明原句为定语从句。三、重点归纳要学会区分如何选择关系代词和关系副词学会分析句子结构，从而确定连词；定语从句与同位语从句及其他一些句子结构的区别四、注意事项要会分清定语从句中的主句和从句弄清断句再去看空格中所缺的是关系代词还是关系副词五、例题讲解1. Susan is the very girl _ the good deed. A. whom I think didB. whom I think she did C. who I think didD. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket. A. by whichB. on whichC. with whichD. for which3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month. A. whereB. whichC. to whichD. on which4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play. A. whenB. in that C. whichD. in which5. Have you found the information about famous people _ you can use for the report?A. which B. who C. what D. whom6. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see what was happening inside the room. A. in which B. through which C. at which D. on which7. People think highly of the patience _ he serves the customers. A. of which B. with which C. that D. by which8. He has forgotten the day_ he arrived. A. when B. where C. that D. which9. He still remembers the days _ he spent with your family. A. when B. where C. that D. on which10. Mr. White, _ car had been stolen, came to the policeman. A. who B. that C. whose D. which六、课堂练习与订正选择填空：1. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London. A. whoB. whichC. whomD. when2. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers. A. whoseB. whoC. whomD. which3. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten. A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as4. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. whenB. where C. whichD. who5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week. A. whichB. thatC. whomD. as6. Those _ want to go please sign their names here. A. whomB. whichC. whoD. when7. Where is the man _ I met this morning?A. whenB. whereC. whichD. who8. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?A. whoB. /C. thatD. when9. The man _ you talked just now is a worker. A. whoB. whomC. to whomD. to who10. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbor. A. with whomB. whenC. to whomD. which完形填空Picture this situation. It is late afternoon and you are 36 . You have an important dinner engagement that evening so you 37 to take an hour nap. Instead of setting your alarm you ask a friend who is visiting to wake you in an hour. He 38 .Two hours later, your friend wakes you. You ask, “Why didnt you wake me after one hour?” He 39 that he thought you asked him to wake you in two hours and that is what he said. You then have to run around and get ready 40 , muttering to yourself about how you 41 have set the alarm rather than asking your friend to wake you. Had you done that, you would not have been so 42 to get ready.Your conclusion is correct. Your 43 of what happened looked at the system you used. Your friends 44 to wake you resulted from a miscommunication. 45 he didnt hear you correctly or you misspoke. 46 at the situation from the point of view of being personally responsible is always better than blaming yourself or another. So how do you best be “responsible” in this situation? The answer is 47 in systems thinking.Dr. W. Edward Deming is the American statistician who is credited with 48 the quality practices to Japan. 49 his arrival in that country in 1950, the label “made in Japan” was synonymous with inferior(劣等的) quality. Now the same “made in Japan” label is synonymous(等同) with 50 quality.So what did Dr. Deming teach the Japanese that made such a 51 to the quality of their products? The answer is quite simple, yet profound. 52 on years of statistical analysis, Deming was able to validate(证明) that 94 % of all failures are not because people dont want to do a good job. The fact is that 53 pe