现在分词用法.doc

现在分词现在分词有V-ing构成，有时态和语态的变化。在句中可以作定语，表语，补足语，状语。1、 现在分词的时态与语态语态时态及物动词不及物动词主动形式被动形式/一般式doingdeing donedoing完成式having donehaving been donehaving done否定形式：not doing/ not having done(1) 一般式表示分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，表示主动或进行。We walked along the river bank, laughing and talking. The little boy went away, crying. Following the guide, we walked through the forest.(2) 完成式表示分词的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生。Having finished the work, she got ready to go shopping.Having been ill for weeks, she felt rather weak. Having lived in New Nork for years, I know each part of it very well.(3) 现在分词的被动形式表示一个正在进行的动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。其被动形式作状语时常用done来代替。The boy was running, (being) followed by a dog.(Having been) Seriously injured in the accident, he had to be taken to the hospital immediately.现在分词的句法功能：定语补语 状语表语 .作定语 具有形容词性质单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前，分词短语作定语时放在所修饰的词后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。 这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一。e.g.a runningboythegirlstandingthere并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句e.g.aboywhoisrunning agirlwhoisstandingthere注意：分词的完成式一般不作定语，除非为非限制性定语。 This is the question having been discussed for serveral times.()This is the question discussed for several times.()The question, having been discussed for several times, has now been solved.()2：某些现在分词作定语时已不再表示动作，已经从分词变为了形容词词性eg. aninterestingstoryanexcitingmatch这些也可以属于现在分词作定语，但是不能转化为相应的定语从句，但是可以有三级变化（原级比较级最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰 .作补语 高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况，不研究作主补的情况 只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补 ）感官动词：seehearwatchfeelnoticeobservekeepfindlisten tolook at ）使役动词：havegetcatchleaveset 值得注意的是：要想用现在分词来作宾补，只能是用于这些词后，但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补） eg.I saw him singing now. Dont have the students studying all day. 注意 ：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者 至于现在分词作主语补足语的情况只须知道上述动词的被动语态形式中的现在分词作的是主补即可无须深入 .作表语 现在分词作表语的情况只适用形容词性化的现在分词。e.g. The story is interesting. The match is exciting. 注意 ：表动作的现在分词不能作表语例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这是主系表而是主谓（其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语构成现在进行时。）.作状语 作时间条件原因让步状语事要位于句首且与后面用逗号隔开能转换为一个相应的状语从句 作结果方式伴随状语时要位于句尾且与前面用逗号隔开有时也可以不用 注意：分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致 ） 作时间状语 eg.Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了 可以转化为一个时间状语从句When/While I was walking in the street, I saw him. 当我要表达正在进行的动作时我们可以在分词前面加上whenwhile 那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其实有的时候也可以理解为时间状语从句中的省略但是不是时时成立的） 重新注意一下所给出的例子 Walking in the street, I saw him. 翻译成”当我在街上走时，我看到他了”而不可以翻译为”当他在街上走时，他看到我了”（这个是因为”分词作状语时其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”） 要是想翻译成”当他在街上走时，我看到他了可以用状语从句。When/While he was walking in the street, I saw him. 或者He walking in the street, I saw him. （分词的独立主格形式）作条件状语 e.g. Working hard, you will succeed. ）作原因状语 e.g. Being ill, she stayed at home. ）作让步状语 多与though, even if, no matter how 连用。e.g. Having failed many times, he didnt lost heart. Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.）作结果状语 e.g. His friend died, leaving him a lot of money, ）作方式状语 e.g. Please answer the question using another way. ）作伴随状语 现在分词的被动式做状语时常用过去分词代替表示“正在被”。可以转化为一个并列句 e.g. He is standing there, singing. (Being) Followed by some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.作独立成分 generally speaking一般来说Judging from/by 由判断出高中阶段只需记这两个u 现在分词和动名词用法比较动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为-ing形式。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。区别：1 动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是: 作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变, 例如: My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换) 现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story. 2动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于: 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质状态或动作等试比较: a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途 a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途u 分词语法拓展：使用分词三个注意点一、弄清什么是分词的逻辑主语分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它可以有逻辑上的主语，即逻辑主语。如：I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑语)Hearing the news, he couldnt help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”。如：I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语)I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语)二、弄清分词逻辑主语的易错点w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，否则会出错。请看下题：1. Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动。如：2. _ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though to be toldC. Having told D. He was told根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：3. _ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。三、弄清分词逻辑主语的特例一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况：1. 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如：Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来，女人比男人活得长。Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. 从你的话看，他应当能成功。Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达得很快。2. 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时用作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。如：Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。Being French, its surprising that shes such a terrible cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。w.w3. 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。如：Supposing she doesnt come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)4. 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如：In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)现在分词练习题：1. _ such a good chance, he planned to learn more. A) To be given B) Having been given C) Having given D) Giving 2. Soon, Americans hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship _ U.S. farmers. A) faced B) faces C) facing D) to face 3. _ for many years, the writer suddenly became famous. A) Having ignored him B) To be ignored C) To have been ignored D) Having been ignored 4. _ with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces. A) Dissatisfying thoroughly B) Being thoroughly dissatisfied C) To dissatisfy thoroughly D) To be thoroughly dissatisfied 5. The children went there to watch the iron tower _. A) to erect B) be erected C) erecting D)being erected 6. The computer works very fast, _ data at the speed of light. A) having handled B) handling C) handled D) handles 7. While _ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth. A) having orbited B) being orbited C) having been orbited D) orbiting 8. This programmer will examine the writers books in detail, _ an introduction to her life. A) following B) having followed C) being followed D) to be followed 9. _ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 10. John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly _ his English. A) to improve B) improving C) to have improved D) improved 11. _ in a seemingly endless war, the general was forced to evaluate the situation again. A)Since the loss of 50,000 soldiers B) Because of 50,000 soldiers having lost C) Having lost over 50,000 soldiers D) 50,000 soldiers were lost 12. After _ for the job, you will be required to take a language test. A) being interviewed B) interviewed C) interviewing D) having interviewed 13. He wasnt appointed chairman of the committee, _ not very popular with all its members. A) to be consideredB) being considered C) considering D) having considered 14. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. A) being B) been C) to be D) having been 15. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _. A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D)being corrected 16. The speech which he made_ the project has bothered me greatly. A) being concerned B) concerned C) be concerned D) concerning 17. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _ to go to school. A) to be encouraged B) being encouraged C) be