词汇学完全版.doc

现代英语词汇学单位：外语系（专业外语教研室）任课教师：金喆课程名称：英语词汇学使用教材：现代英语词汇学课程类别：专业选修课课程编码：D061002教学时数：68周学时数：4学 分：4授课学期：2006-2007-2 授课班级：外语系05英本5，6班，05英师本1，2班授课教师：金喆教案编写者：金喆课程所属教研室：专业外语教研室 现代英语词汇学课程教学大纲说 明一、课程的性质、目的及任务：本课程为英语专业的专业选修课，要求学生能够比较全面、比较系统地了解现代英语词汇学这一领域的一些最主要、最有影响的语言学理论，能够运用词汇学理论去分析和解决词汇学习中的一些问题。二、教学对象外语系英语本科、英语师范本科专业学生。三、教学时间安排该课程应在第 4学期开设，周课时为 4，共计68 课时，占4个学分。内 容课时分配词的概述4词的结构和词的构成方式6词的理据6词的语义特征6词义的变化4词的语义分类6词的联想与搭配6英语习语4美国英语6词的使用和理解6词汇衔接4词汇衔接和语篇连贯4四、教学方法建议：词汇学是研究语言词汇的一门学科，现代英语词汇学属具体的语言学范畴，侧重分析研究现代英语词汇现象。在现代语言学领域中需要结合语义学和语用学进行研究。教师建议：课前搜集相关资料，课堂围绕要点进行提问，指导学生讨论，提倡师生互动的课堂局面。除讲授理论知识，教师还应指导学生将所学理论应用于实际语言环境，做到学以致用。五、测试形式：该课程测试形式为闭卷考试。考试成绩分为平时课堂表现及论文（占30%）和期末考试分数（占70%）两部分。重点考查学生基本知识点的掌握情况和综合分析能力。六、教材使用：陆国强，1999，现代英语词汇学，上海外语教育出版社七、大纲制定参考书目1李赋宁，1991，英语史，商务印书馆2林承章，1987，英语词汇学引论，武汉大学出版社3汪榕培、卢晓娟，1997，英语词汇学教程，上海外语教育出版社4汪榕培、王爵鸾，1996，实用英语词汇练习集，辽宁人民出版社5张维友，1997，英语词汇学教程，华中师范大学出版社6郑立信、顾嘉祖，1993，美国英语与美国文化，湖南教育出版社 词汇学学习目的 本课程要求学生能够比较全面、比较系统地了解现代英语词汇学这一领域的一些最主要、最有影响的语言学理论，能够运用词汇学理论去分析和解决词汇学习中的一些问题。通过学习，学生应该掌握以下具体方面的知识。第一章：词的基本知识 考核知识点： 1 词的定义： 识记：词的定义 2 声音与意义 识记：声音与意义的关系 3 声音与拼写 识记：读音与拼写不一致的原因 4 词汇 识记：词汇的含义 5 词汇的分类 识记：词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点。 领会：基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性 第二章：英语词汇的形成与发展 1印欧语系的谱系关系 识记：印欧语系的主要分支以及分支的主要现代语言。 2英语词汇发展的历史回顾 识记：英语词汇发展的三个历史阶段：古英语词汇、中古英语词汇和现代英语词汇及其特点。 3当代英语词汇发展的状况 识记：当代英语词汇发展的现状。 领会：词汇发展的主要原因。 4词汇发展的方式 识记：英语词汇发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新义、借用外来语词。 领会：各种方式在现代英语词汇发展中的地位和作用 第三章： 英语构词法 1词素 识记：词素的概念 2词素变体 识记：词素变体的概念 3词素的分类 领会：词素、自由词素、自由词根、黏附词素、黏附词根、词缀、派生词缀、屈折词缀、前缀和后缀之间的相互关系。 4词根和词干 领会：词根和词干的区别 运用：运用本章所学的知识分析英语词的结构。 第四章： 英语构词法 1词缀法 识记：词缀法、前缀法、后缀法的概念。前后缀的特点。 运用：能用前缀和后缀构词 2复合法 识记：复合法的概念 领会：复合词与自由词组的区别。 运用：能用该构词方法构词 3转类法 识记：转类法的概念。短语动词转名词的两种方法。形容词转名词中的完全转类和部分转类。 领会：名词、动词、形容词三类词互相转类后的语义特色 运用：能用该构词方法构词 4拼缀法 识记：拼缀法的概念以及构成模式 运用：能在阅读中辨认和理解拼缀词。 5截短法 识记：截短法的概念和构成模式 运用：能辨认和正确使用截短词 6首字母缩略法 识记：首字母缩略法的概念和构成方法。 领会：两种首字母缩略词的区别。 运用：能辨认和正确运用缩略词。 7逆生法 识记：逆生法的概念。逆生法的构成方法和文体特色。 运用：能正确运用逆生词。 1 专用名词普通化 识记：转化为普通词的主要集中专用名词，以及转化的主要方式。 领会：由专用名词转化的普通词的形式与意义之间的联系。它们的修辞特色。 第五章：词的意义 1“意义”的意义 领会：所指、概念、和语义各自的内涵及其区别。 2词义的理据 识记：拟声理据、形态理据、语义理据、词源理据。 领会：词义的理据与“约定俗成”的关系。 3词义的类别 领会：语法意义、词汇意义、概念意义、关联意义、内涵意义、文体意义、 感情意义、搭配意义。 运用：运用本章所学的知识增强词义的理解能力，作到用词更加准确和得体。 第六章：语义关系和语义场 1多义关系 识记：多义关系的概念。两种研究方法。 领会：词义的辐射型发展和连锁型发展。 2同形同音异义关系 识记：完全同形同音词、同形词和同音词的定义和来源。 领会：同形同音异义词与多仪词的区别。同形同音异义词的修辞特色。 3同义关系 识记：同义词的定义、来源和类别。 运用：能对同义词辨析和正确使用。 4 反意关系 识记：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词的概念。 领会：三类反义词的特点和区别。 运用：利用反义词释义、解释词语、提高修辞效果。 5上下义关系 识记：上义词和下义词的概念和相互关系。 运用：利用上下义词释义、解释词语、提高修辞效果。 6语义场 识记：语义场的概念。 领会：语义场的作用 第七章： 词义的演变 1词义变化的种类 识记：词义的扩大、词义的缩小、词义的升华、词义的降格的基本概念。 领会：四种变化方式在英语词汇发展中的作用。 2词义变化的原因 领会：词义演变的语言外部原因：历史原因、阶级原因、心理原因。语言内部原因：缩略、借用和类推。 第八章：词义与语境 1 语境的种类 识记：非语言语境和两种语言语境 领会：语境对词义的影响。 2 语境的作用 领会：语境如何消除歧异、限定所指和提供线索。 运用：利用语境知识猜测词义。 第九章：英式英语与美式英语 领会：两种英语变体的区别 第十章：英语习语 1 英语习语的特点 识记：英语习语的定义。 领会：语义的整体性，结构的稳定性。 2 英语习语的分类 识记：五种习语及其结构。 3 使用英语习语应该注意的问题 识记：习语的文体色彩；修辞色彩，包括各种修辞格；习语的变异形式。 运用：注意收集习语，并分析它们的构成形式、语法功能和修辞特色。 第十一章： 英语词典 1词典的种类 识记：单语词典与双语词典、语文词典与百科词典、大型词典、案头词典和袖珍词典，专用词典的个的特点和主要区别。 2使用词典应注意的问题 识记：选用词典应注意的问题：内容、特点、出版日期。 运用：选用恰当的词典解决学习和工作中遇到的实际语言问题。 3三本常用词典的特色 运用：能系统地介绍三本词典：收词范围、语言特色、语法标注、理据说明等。 Chapter1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1 The definition of a word： A word is a minimal free form of language which has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2Sound and Meaning There is no logical or intrisinc connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.3 Sound and FormThe written form of English is not an acurate representation of the spoken form.There are different causes of the differences between sounds and forms in the English language.1)The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not employ the system of one single letter to stand for one sound.2)The early scribes deliberately changed spelling of words to make a line even or for easier recogniton.3) Dictionaries help to fix the spelling of words 4) English has borrowed many words from other languages, which may not have been assimilated . 4 Vocabulary All the words in a language are termed as vocabulary. However, vocabulary can also be used to refer to all the words in a book, or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or even to all the words that a person possesses.5 Classification of Words Words can be classified into the basic word stock and nonbasic word stock by use frequence, into content words and functional words by notion andinto native words and borrowed words by origin. 1)The Characteristics of the Basic Word Stock (1) All national character(2)stability (3)productivity (4)polysemy (5)collocability2)The Characteristics of borrowed words(1)Denizens: the early borrowed words which have been assimilated and conformed to the English way of pronounciation and spelling.(2)Aliens: the borrowed words which have retained the foreign way of pronounciation or spelling and have not been assimilated into the English language.(3)Translation-loans: the words and expressions which are formed from the existing English materials, but modelled on the patterns of another language.(4)Semantic loans: Words which have not been borrowed with reference to the form, but to the meanings.3) Roles Played by the native wordsNative words are limited in number, but form the core of the English language. Native words are often neutral in style and frequent in use.Chapter2 The Development of the English Vocabulary1The Indo-European Language Family2A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary1) Three Historical Periods of English Development(1) Old English (450-1150)The beginning of Old English is marked by the arrival of the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.Old English is a highly inflected language. In this period, many latin words and Scandinavian words came into the English language.(2)Middle English (1150-1500)Middle English period began with the Norman conquest. In this period, many words of French and Dutch origins were borrowed into English. Middle English was charaterized by its losses of many inflectional endings so that it was a language of levelled endings.(3)Modern English(1500-Now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Because of the influence of the Renaissance Movement, many words of Latin and Greek origins, etc came into English. Also because of the fast development in science and technology, many new words were created. Though borrowing remained an important means of English vocabulary expansion, yet more words were created through word formation 3Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary1)Major Causes of Present-day English Vocabulary Expansion (1) the rapid development of modern science and technology(2)the social, economic and political changes(3)the influence of other cultures and languages 4Modes of Vocabulary Development1) creation: It refers to the use of existing materials suchas the word-forming stems to create new words.2) semantic change: It means that an old form picks up a newmeaning.3)borrowing: It means borrowing words from other languages.Chapter 3Word FormationI1Morphemes Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of a language.2Allomorphs Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph. Such alternative morphs of a morpheme are called allomorphs.3Types of Morphemes1) Free Morphemes Free morphemes are those which usually have complete meanings in themselves and can be used freely or independently as words. 2) Bound Morphemes Bound morphemes have to be bound with other morphemes to form words and can not be used independently as words.3) Free Roots Free roots are free morphemes. They are identical with root words.4)Bound Roots A bound root, like a free root, is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning of a word, but unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to be bound with other morphemes to form words.5)Affixes Affixes are forms that are attached to stems to modify meaning or function. Almost all the affixes are bound.6)Inflectional Affixes An inflectional affix is one attached to the end of a word to convey grammatical meaning or grammatical relation, such as tense, case, number, comparative or superlative degree, etc.7)Derivational Affixes A derivational affix is one that is added to the beginning or the end of a word in order to create a new word. Derivational affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes.8)Prefixes Prefixes are the morphemes that occur at the beginning of a word. They modify the meaning of a stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.9)Suffixes Suffixes occur at the end of stems. Though they can modify the meanings of the original words, their chief function is to change the parts of speech of words.4Root and Stem 1) Root A root is the basic form of a word which can not be further analysed without total loss of identity. It carries the main component of the meaning of a word. It can also be defined as that part of a word which remains after all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.2) Stem A stem can be defined as a any form to which an affix can be added.Chapter4Word Formation II1Affixation Affixation is the process of forming words by adding derivational affixes to stems. It is also called derivation. Words formed in this way are derivatives. 1) Prefixation Prefixation is a way of forming new words by adding prefixes to stems. Usually, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. Prefixes can be divided, based on their meanings, into: negative prefixes, reversative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, locative prefixes, prefixes of time and order, number prefixes and miscelaneous prefixes.2)Suffixation Suffixation is the process of forming new words by adding suffixes to the end of stems. The chief role of a suffix is not to modify the meaning of a stem, rather to change the grammatical function of a stem, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes and verb suffixes. 2Compounding 1) Definition Compounding is a process of word formation by which two or more stems are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called a compound 2) Characteristics of compounds(1)Phonetic feature The word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element, while in a free phrase, the second element is usually stressed. If a compound has two stresses, it is the first element that receives the primary stress.(2)Semantic feature The meaning of a compound is a semantic unity, which,usually, is not the total sum of all the meanings of the constituent words in a compound.(3) Grammatical feature A compound usually plays a single grammatical role in a sentence. 3Conversion 1) Definition Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the words of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures. Words created are new only in a grammatical sense.2)Types of conversion(1)Conversion to Nounsa.verb to nounb.adjective to nounc. miscellaneous conversion(2)Conversion to Verbsa. noun to verbb. adjective to verbc. miscellaneous conversion3)Semantic features of conversion1)Verb to nounThe new words obtained through conversion are usually related to the original words in the following ways:(1)state of mind or sensation(2)event or activity(3)result of the action(4)doer of the action(5)tool or instrument to do the action with(6)place of the action 2)Noun to verb(1)to put in or on N(2)to give N or to provide with N(3)to remove N from(4)to do with N(5)to be or act as n(6)to make or change into N(7)to send or go by N4Blending1) DefinitionBlending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word2) Categories of Blending(1)the first part of the first word + the last part of the second word: botel: boat + hotel 汽艇游客旅馆(2) the whole part of the first word + last part of the second word: lunarnaut: lunar + astronaut 登月宇航员(3)the whole form of the second word + the first part of the first word: Eurasian: Europe + Asian 欧亚混血儿(4)the first part of the first word + the first part of the second word: sitcom: situation + comedy 情景喜剧5Clipping1) Definition Clipping is to shorten a long word by cutting a part off the original and use what has remained as a word.2) Types of Clipping(1)Front clipping: phone from telephone(2)Back clipping: ad from advertisement(3)Front and back clipping: flu from influenza (4)Phrase clipping: pub from public house6Acronymy1) Definition Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of phrases.2)Types of Acronymy(1)Initialisms Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter: VOA from Voice of America(2)Acronyms Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. 7Backformation Back-formation is the opposite process of suffixation. It is the process of making a new word by dropping the supposed suffix: e.g. burgle from burglar.8 New Words from Proper Names1) Names of people 2) Names of places3) Names of books 4) Tradenames When proper nouns are commonized, many of them have lost their original identity;the initial letter many not be capitalized. They can be combined with other morphemes to form words of other word classes. The commonized proper nouns are rich in cultural associations. They are stylistically vivid, expressive and thought-provoking.Chapter5 Word Meaning1The meaning of meaning1.1 Reference Reference is the conventional or arbitrary relationship between language and the world. Part of the word meaning is the reference.1.2 ConceptThough meaning and concept are closely related, they belong to different categories: Concept is the result of human cognition while meaning is the result of language use.1.3 SenseSense denotes the intrinsic semantic relationship inside the language. it is not concerned with the connection between words and what these words indicate in the word. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 2MotivationMotivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. Most words are non-motivated.2.1Onomatopoeic motivation The sounds of some words suggest their meanings, because they are created by imitating the natural sounds. But these onomatopoeic words are also largely conventional, because different languages may use different forms to indicate these sounds.2.2 Semantic motivation Semantic motivation explains the relationships between the literal sense and the figurative sense through associations. 2.3 Etymological motivation Etymological motivation means that the meanings of words can be explained with reference to etymological information. Very often, the history of the word can explain why a form has acquired a particular meaning.2.4 Morphological motivation Morphological motivation tries to establish the connection of meaning of the word to its form from morphological point of view. Sometimes, we can work out the meaning of a word if we know the meaning of the morphemes that constitute that word.3Types of meaning3.1 Grammatical meaning Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships or functions, such as tense meaning, singular meaning, etc. Words with the similar lexical meaning can have different grammatical meanings, and words with different lexical meanings can have the same grammatical meaning. Grammatical meaning is in use.3.2 Lexical meaning Lexical meaning is composed of conceptual meaning and associative meaning. Lexical meaning is relatively stable.3.2.1 Conceptual meaning Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.3.2.2 Associative meaning Associative meaning is that part of meaning which has been supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning which arises of the associations a word acquires. I