语言学简明教程Chapter_1.ppt

1 Linguistics AnIntroductionSchoolofForeignLanguagesGuTongqing 2 Linguistics coursedescription EnglishlinguisticsisabasiccourseonthesystematicexplanationofthelinguistictheoriesmainlyaboutEnglishlanguage ItisarequiredcourseforstudentsmajoringinEnglisheducation Onlywhenstudentslearnlinguisticswell cantheygrasptheEnglishlinguisticskillssystematically haveasolidbasicfoundationofEnglishteachingmethodology studyEnglishliteratureandpracticetranslationwellenough Inotherwords linguisticsisthesystematicstudyoflanguage Itaimstoanswerthebasicquestionsof whatislanguage and howdoeslanguagework Whatwearegoingtodiscussinthiscourseincludes thesoundoflanguage thelexiconandgrammaroflanguage themeaningoflanguage thewritingsystemoflanguage languagechange 3 Courseobjectives tointroducethebasicknowledgeabout mainlyEnglish linguistics tohelpstudentssystematicallyunderstandthesounds words grammar meaningoflanguages especiallyEnglishlanguage tohelpstudentsunderstandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcontext languageandculture languageandsocietyetc 4 Courseassessment Classattendance participation 10 Amini paperonlanguage linguistics 10 Finalexamination 80 5 Questions 1 Whatislinguistics 2 Whydowestudylinguistics 6 3 Tobeaqualifiedteacherofalanguage 2 Tolearnalanguagebetter forexampleEnglish 1 Toknowmoreaboutlanguage 4 TogethighermarksinTEM8 5 Totaketheentranceexamtobeapostgraduateofalanguage 6 Todoresearch Whydoweneedtostudylinguistics 7 7 Theuseoflinguistics Whydoweusuallyadd im infrontofwordsbeginningwith p or m and in beforewordsbeginningwith t or d Whydowepronounce l differentlywhenitoccursindifferentpositionsofwords li d fi l hel plei Whyisitpossibleforustomeanmorethanoreventheoppositeofwhatisactuallysaid 8 Chapter1LanguageandLinguistics 1 1IntroductiontoLinguistics definition scope history 1 2Whatislanguage 1 3Propertiesoflanguage1 4BodyLanguagesandOther Languages 1 5FunctionsofLanguage1 6SomeDistinctionsinLinguistics FAQ 9 Itisamajorbranchofsocialscience Linguisticsstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanysociety butthelanguageofallhumansocieties languageingeneral Linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesareconstructedandoperateasasystemofcommunicationinthesocietiesinwhichtheyareused WhatisLinguistics Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage 1 1IntroductiontoLinguistics 10 11 Linguisticsisguidedbyseveralacknowledgedprinciples SystematicityExhaustivenessObjectivityConsistencyEconomy 12 ScopeofLinguistics 1 GeneralLinguistics intheory 2 Macrolinguistics ApplicationofLinguistics 3 Otherclassificationsoflinguistics Next 13 GeneralLinguistics intheory Phonetics 语音学 Phonology 音系学 Morphology 形态学 词形学 Syntax 句法学 Semantics 语义学 Pragmatics 语用学 Coreoflinguistics 14 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 Corpuslinguistics 语料库语言学 Computationallinguistics 计算语言学 Stylisticlinguistics stylistics 文体学 语体学 Appliedlinguistics 应用语言学 2 Macrolinguistics ApplicationofLinguistics Cross disciplinesorinterdisciplinarystudies 15 3 OtherClassificationsofLinguistics linguisticschools Functionallinguistics 功能语言学 Structurallinguistics 结构语言学 Chomskyanlinguistics 乔姆斯基语言学 Hallidayanlinguistics 韩礼德语言学 16 5thcenturyBC AncientGreeksbegantostudylanguageAncient Plato wordorigin wordclassofGreek 15thcentury universalgrammar Europeencounteredotherlanguageswhichforcedscholarstolookforauniversalgrammar 18thcentury thesimilaritiesofsomelanguages 1786 SirWilliamJones thehistoricalkinshipofSanskritwithLain GreekandtheGermaniclanguages 19thcentury historicalcomparisonofdifferentlanguages early20thcentury modernlinguistics 1916 F deSaussure CourseinGenerallinguistics HistoryofLinguistics 17 Thehistoricaldevelopmentoflinguistics Philology 语文学 5thcenBC 18thcen Historical comparative linguistics early19thcen Modern synchronic linguistics 1916 CourseinGeneralLinguistics Ferdinandde Saussure 18 F deSaussure 1857 1913 索绪尔 19 Biography1857年生于瑞士日内瓦的一个学者家庭 1875年进入日内瓦大学 主修化学和物理 1876年转入德国莱比锡大学文学系 主攻历史语言学 1878年发表 论印欧语元音的原始系统 轰动语言界 1878年赴柏林大学学习18个月 1880年获莱比锡大学博士学位 论文 梵语绝对属格的用法 1880年秋开始任教巴黎高等学院 长达10年 成立法兰西学派 1891年就任日内瓦大学文学社会科学系教授 1907 1911年连续三次讲授普通语言学课程 1913年病逝于日内瓦 20 惊人的语言天赋 幼年就学会了法语 德语 英语 拉丁语和希腊语 不到15岁就写了 论诸语言 一文 认真的教学态度 曾开设日耳曼比较语法 拉丁语希腊语比较语法 立陶宛语 印欧语言比较 希腊与拉丁语音学 古代希腊碑文选读 波斯诸王碑文 欧洲地理语言学 日耳曼历史语言学 古英语 古高地德语 三次讲授普通语言学 连续21年讲授梵文 严谨的治学精神 平生只发表过一篇论文 我通常感到在语言问题上 要写上十行言之成理的文字也有困难 许国璋1983 5 21 CourseinGeneralLinguistics 1916 J Culler animportantfigureofthestructuralismmovementofliterarytheoryandcriticism says FerdinanddeSaussureisthefatherofmodernlinguistics themanwhoreorganizedthesystematicstudyoflanguageandlanguagesinsuchawayastomakepossibletheachievementsofthe20thcenturylinguistics 22 乔姆斯基 NoamChomsky 1928 TGGrammar 有三种简单而强大的情感主宰着我的一生 对爱的渴望 对真理的追求 对苦难大众的巨大悲悯 罗素 23 24 Chomskyis bothalinguistandasocialreformer theworld smostinfluentiallivingthinker themost quotedwriterinhistoryfollowingMarx Lenin Shakespeare theBible treatedasanauthor Aristotle PlatoandFreud Theresultoftheglobalpublicintellectualspool heldbyProspectandForeignPolicyin2005 showsthatChomskyisthefirstmostinfluentialpublicintellectualintheworld ThisispartlyduetohisresearchonsocialaffairsandhisindependentviewsonAmericandomesticandforeignpolicies 25 M A K Halliday 韩礼德Systemic FunctionalGrammar SFG 26 HallidaywasbornandraisedinEngland HetookaBAHonoursdegreeinModernChineseLanguageandLiterature Mandarin attheUniversityofLondon HethenlivedforthreeyearsinChina wherehestudiedunderLuoChangpeiatPekingandunderWangLiatLingnanUniversity beforereturningtotakeaPhDinChineseLinguisticsatCambridge HavingtaughtChineseforanumberofyears hechangedhisfieldofspecializationtolinguistics anddevelopedsystemicfunctionalgrammar elaboratingonthefoundationslaidbyhisBritishteacherJ R FirthandagroupofEuropeanlinguistsoftheearly20thcentury thePragueSchool 27 1 2Whatislanguage Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication system elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules Theycannotbearrangedatwill arbitrary thereisnointrinsic logic connectionbetweenasignanditsmeaning vocal theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare 28 symbols wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects actions ideasbyconvention human specific humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity Onlyhumanhavelanguage LanguageAcquisitionDevice LAD 29 Arbitrariness 任意性 Duality 双重性 Productivity 创造性 Culturaltransmission 文化传递性 1 3Propertiesoflanguage语言的结构特征 Designfeatures next back 30 1 Arbitrariness theformoflinguisticsigns eg words phases bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention E g house uchi Japanese mansion French 房子 Chinese Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet Shakespeare 31 Conventionality Inanylanguage therearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway 32 Iconicity Thereisanaturalconnectionbetweenformandmeaning onomatopoeicwords rumble crash crackle bang 叮咚 轰隆 咔嚓 compoundwords typewriter washingmachine phrases proximityiconicity thefamousdeliciousItalianpepperonipizzatheoldblackwoodendesk sentences sequencingiconicity Hecameinandsatdown Hesatdownandcamein Hesatdownafterhecamein 33 Icons 图形 arephysicallysimilartotheobjectsrepresented Eg roadtrafficsign Indexical 指示 thereisacausalrelationbetweensignandreferent Eg Smokeisindexicaloffire Symbolic 象征 servingasasymbolofsomething Eg thewordinlanguage theformulainmathematicsaresymbols Thesesymbolsarearbitraryaswellasconventional 34 2 Duality languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures ortwolevels andeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization Higherlevel unitswhicharemeaningfulLowerlevel soundswhicharemeaningless Theycanbegroupedandregroupedintomeaningfulunits Thisisthemosteconomicalfeatureoflanguage 35 Examples k p a pa k ka p m ai n t i 36 Languageishierarchical discourse textssentenceswordsmorphemessounds Theadvantageofduality whichliesinthegreatproductivepowerourlanguageisendowedwith Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements forinstance tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage Andoutofthehugenumberofwords therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts 37 PAUSEandRECALL Howabouttrafficlights 38 3 Productivity creativity Languageisresourceful Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers whennewsituationsariseornewobjectshavetobedescribed thelanguageusersmanipulatetheirlinguisticresourcestoproducenewexpressionsandnewsentences 39 Sourceofproductivity creativityDualityoflanguage 结构二重性 Recursiveness 递归性 Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho 40 Doworkerbeesdisplaycreativity Inoneexperiment ahiveofbeeswasplacedatthefootofaradiotowerandafoodsourceatthetop Tenbeesweretakentothetop shownthefoodsource andsentofftotelltherestofthehiveabouttheirfind Themessagewasconveyedviaabeedanceandthewholegangbuzzedofftogetthefreefood Theyflewaroundinalldirections butcouldn tlocatethefood AccordingtoKarlvonFrisch whoconductedtheexperiment thebeeshavenowordforupintheirlanguage Moreover theycannotinventone 41 4 CulturaltransmissionLanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct thecaseof thewolfchild 15 4 42 Genie1957年4月出生 从20个月起被关在小房子里 发出任何声音就受到父亲惩罚 大部分时间被捆在婴儿椅 或在婴儿床的睡袋里 床上罩着金属丝网14岁时被发现 基本无语言 给予语言训练 但语法进步缓慢 两词句 正常孩子只要几个星期 但她超过5个月使用NoMummygo这样的句式超过两年难以学会疑问句 Boeckx 2010 51 43 Chimpanzeesandlanguage Gua Viki Washoe SarahandLanaNon humanprimatesdonothaveaphysicallystructuredvocaltractwhichissuitableforproducinghumanspeechsounds Apesandgorillascan likechimpanzees communicatewithawiderangeofvocalcalls buttheyjustcannotspeak 44 Review 1 Whatislinguistics 2 Whatislanguage 3 Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage orpropertiesoflanguage 4 Intheory howcanlinguisticsbeclassified 5 Whoistheforefatherofmodernlinguistics 6 WhatisHallidayfamousfor 7 WhatisChomskyfamousfor 45 Examples Handtocheek Tappingordrummingfingers Tiltedhead Bitingnails 1 4BodyLanguagesandOther Languages Qs 1 Whatisbodylanguage Canyounamesomekindofbodylanguage 2 Isitlanguage Whyorwhynot thinking Impatience Interest Insecurity nervousness 46 AccordingtoHalliday 2003 therearethreebroadfunctionsoflanguage Ideationalfunction 概念功能 Interpersonalfunction 人际功能 Textualfunction 语篇功能 1 5FunctionsofLanguage 47 Ideationalfunction 概念功能 toconveynewinformationunknowntothehearer Interpersonalfunction 人际功能 toexpresssocialandpersonalrelations thewaysspeakerentersintoaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact Textualfunction 语篇功能 tomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingmessagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences Johnsawahandbaginafield Johnwalkedacrossafieldandpickedupahandbag JohntookahandbagtothepolicestationandJohn 48 Ideationalfunction 语言是对存在于主客观世界的过程和事物的反映 这是 经验 功能 逻辑功能以表现为并列关系和从属关系的线性的循环结构的形式出现 由于两者都是建立于说话人对外部世界和内心世界的经验 与其它功能相比较是中性的 因而可统称为 概念 功能 Interpersonalfunction 语言是社会人有意义的活动 是做事的手段 是动作 因此它的功能之一必然是反映人与人之间的关系 如反映说话人和听话人之间的社会地位和亲疏关系 这个纯理功能称为 人际 功能 Textualfunction 实际使用中的语言的基本单位不是词或句这样的语法单位 而是表达相对完整思想的语篇 上述两种功能部分最后要由说话人把它们组织成语篇才能实现 这就是 语篇 功能 语篇功能使语言和语境发生联系 使说话人只能生成与情境相一致和相称的语篇 49 Ideationalfunction 观察者 的功能 指说话人对主客观世界的观察 Interpersonalfunction 闯入者 的功能 指向他人灌输自己的思想 Textualfunction 相关 功能 指语篇的完整性 一致性和衔接性 50 Otherclassificationsofthefunctionsoflanguage Informativefunction 信息功能 Interpersonalfunction 人际交往功能 Performativefunction 行事功能 Emotivefunction 感情功能 Phaticfunction 寒暄功能 Recreationalfunction 娱乐功能 Metalingualfunction 元语言功能 51 Informativefunction 信息功能 themajorroleoflanguage ConveyinformationServefortheexpressionofcontentandgivestructuretoexperience 52 Interpersonalfunction 人际交往功能 themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage Establishandmaintainpeople sstatusinasocietyExpressandmarkpeople sidentity 53 Interactionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout Addressothersandrefertothemselves DearprofessorHisHighnessPrinceCharleswillattendthemeeting 查尔斯亲王殿下将出席本次会议 Sincerelyyours WangNing 54 Performativefunction 行事功能 Changethesocialstatusofpersons thelanguageintheperformativefunctionisusuallyquiteformalandritualized Extendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions Iappointyouheadoftheclass InamethisshipTitanic Youarefired Inowpronounceyoumanandwife 55 Marriageceremony formal ritualized 盖头 结发 拜天地 高堂 夫妻对拜 掀盖头 结发仪式 三拜九叩 56 Thisfunctionisalsodiscussedunderthetermexpressivefunctionwhichcanoftenbeentirelypersonalandtotallywithoutanyimplicationtoothers Emotivefunction 感情功能 oneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguage 57 Oh myGod e g SwearwordsObscenities 猥亵语言 Conventionalwords God My Damnit whatasight wow oh 58 Phaticfunction 寒暄功能 ItoriginatesfromMalinowski sstudyofthefunctionsoflanguageperformedbyTrobriandIslanders Weallusesuchsmall seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent 59 Blessyou Mr psneezesviolently Mr QBlessyouMr PThankyou 60 Toexpresssheerjoy Verbaldueling 口头决斗 对歌 Toappreciatelanguageforitsownsake Poetry Thepowerofsound Tocontrolagame 醉花阴 DragonBoatRace RecreationalFunction 娱乐功能 61 醉花阴薄雾浓云愁永昼 瑞脑消金兽 佳节又重阳 玉枕纱橱 半夜凉初透 东篱把酒黄昏後 有暗香盈袖 莫道不消魂 帘卷西风 人比黄花瘦 62 Metalingualfunction Languageisusedtodescribelanguge Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself Eg the isadefinitearticlewhichisusedbeforenouns 63 1 6SomeDistinctionsinLinguistics FAQ 1 Descriptionvs Prescription 2 Synchronicvs Diachronic 6 Modernlinguisticsvs Traditionalgrammar 64 Descriptivevs prescriptive 描写式 和 规定式 Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse itissaidtobedescriptive Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor correctandstandard behaviorinusinglanguage i e totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay itissaidtobeprescriptive 65 Prescriptiverules Youshouldsay ItisI Donotsay Itisme Don tsay Whodidyouspeakto Say Whomdidyouspeakto 66 Synchronicvs diachronic 共时 和 历时 Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy Adiachronicstudyisahistoricalstudy itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime 67 synchroniclinguistics diachroniclinguistics historical 68 索绪尔的共时与历时观 treetrunk 见 教程 87页 69 A B C D AxisCDrepresentsthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageorlanguagechangeinthecourseoftime Itisdiachronicstudy AxisABrepresentstherelationsamongco existedlinguisticphenomena withoutconsideringtheelementoftime Itissynchronicstudy 70 Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive whichmeansitsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic andmainlyspokenlanguagedata Modernlinguisticsmainlydescribesandanalysesthefactsoflanguage Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive itisbasedon high writtenlanguage Ittriestolaydownrulesfor correct orstandardlanguagebehavior Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic focusingonthepresent daylanguage Unlessthevariousstat