考研英语阅读完型作文应试技巧.doc

一、 阅读1. 三大步骤1) 通读全文，抓两个重点。a) 首段（中心句，主旨句常在第一段）b) 各段的段首句和段尾句（其他部分略读）2) 仔细审题，返回原文（仔细看题干，定位到原文，建立联系）3) 对照原文，得出答案。2. 核心的命题原则正确的选项既要符合原文，又要符合题目的逻辑要求。按题目的属性分为观点推断题和事实细节题，其中观点推断题的干扰项常为文章中的正确信息，而并不是推导所得，还有就是推导过度。3. 阅读的十大命题原则1) 顺序原则：出题顺序和文章段落顺序保持一致。2) 唯一原则：正确答案只来源于题干定位所在段落，不涉及其他段落信息，选项中即使有其他段的原文，通常也只是干扰项。3) 本段原则：超过三段的文章，题目会平均的分到各段中，不会一段出两个题。4) 首段原则：考查首段的题，通常和全文有关，需要用全文的信息来回答。5) 末端原则：考末端的推导或总结题。其解通常在末端的首句或尾句。6) “实验研究”原则：对文章中出现的科技类的实验、调查、研究，其考察的目的通常在于研究的目的和结论，描写实验过程的段落可以不看，或需要时再看。7) 因果原则：文中出现因果关系处，一般都是考点；注意选项中因果倒置的干扰项。8) 比较原则：原文中出现两个以上事物对比的，比较信息通常都是出题的重点。9) 词汇原则：考熟词生义（熟义一般可直接排除）和生词熟义10) 举例原则：文中举某例一般是考察其所支持的观点，答案一般为该段主题句或在前一段。二、 完形填空1. 考点1) 逻辑结构词和过渡词2) 名词、动词辨析3) 空格前后的语法关系2. 做题方法完形填空的 第一句一般不设空，而且非常重要，是全文的主旨句或中心句等。做完形填空和阅读不一样，完形填空应该以段为单位，通读全段，了解该段的大致内容及逻辑层次后进行选择；对于上下句的连接词处，尤其要注意前后句子的关系。三、 大作文201. 1720档的评分标准：1) 包含所有的内容要点；2) 使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；3) 语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；4) 有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯，层次清晰。2. 研习1) 同义替换（上义词，下义词，同义词，近义词）一篇作文中，对于同一事物不要全文重复使用一个词，应多同义替换，如：电脑：computer, the machine, the tool, the electronic brain, the magic box, the PC, the laptop computer, it。年轻人：young people, young adult, the young, the youth, the young generation, those who are young 。成功：achievement, accomplishment, triumph。2) 词伙关系关于改变情况，考场上最常见change the situation，可以替换动词，better/correct the situation，用reverse the trend讨巧。通常高分作文中词伙不是一比一的关系，如：, how to educate and cultivate the young. reveal a common and thought-provoking problem. 3) 短语词组4) 惯用句型（套话）大作文一般固定三段式，每段一次为45，45，23句话。5) 句子开端不一定要以人为主语，多种变换表达。I am angry. =Anger seize me.I hear bird singing. =The music of birds finds its way into my ears.PRC was founded in 1949. =1949 witnessed/saw/experienced in founding of PRC.6) 复杂句子多用几个复合句，非谓语动词等。Beijing is an ancient city, but it is also a modern city.=Beijing, which is a modern one, is an ancient city.7) 衔接手段明线关系词，暗线同义词。8) 篇章结构注：“正式文体”对考研作文的重要性，如want to，最好改作choose/tend to。3. 大作文三段的内容 首段图画图表描述中间段1.原因列举(92/99)2.举例论证或数据论证(01/)3.图画释义末段1.建议措施2.预测趋势(97较少)1) 首段（图画图表描述）的写法两幅图一幅图图中图第一句直击主题，绝不展开第二句承上启下的功能句第三句一句话描写第一幅图两句话描写两到三个“采分点”，中间使用连接词一句话描写现实中的图第四句前加转折词连接，一句话描写第二幅图一句话描写虚拟中的图，注意衔接词第五句一句话总结图画，停留在“表层结构”，画面意思以两幅图为范例（2003年）(1)It goes without saying that the drawings aim at revealing a common and serious problem in China: how to educate and cultivate the young. (2)Let us take a closer look at the drawings. (3)In ideal condition, the flower blooms. (4)But when moved out of greenhouse, it perishes under the rain and storm. (5)It is obvious that the flower in greenhouse cannot understand wind and rains.2) 第二段a) 原因分析写法第一句：为什么出现这样的情况呢？我认为有以下的原因：第二至七句：原因一，拓展；原因二，拓展；原因三，拓展。此处的原因+扩展，有三种可能，注意加衔接词：因果关系，如then, so, as a result, therefore, consequently;解释说明，如to be specific, in other words;举例论证，如for instance, for example. 最后一句话总结主题，锁定全段。如1999年：(1)Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this. (2)First, with a rapid growth of population, more and more people came to live where some wild species have been living. (3)Then these species have to move to other places. (4)Some of them probably cannot adapt to the new environment and die. (5)Second, although many people look on wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. (6)They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. (7)Third, with the development of the industry, the nature balance and the ecological environment are destroyed. (8)Deforestation has become more and more serious. (9)So some of wildlife become homeless and extinct.b) 举例论证方法一：一前一后主题句，中间只讲述一个故事，语言可以较为简单。P14（1）方法二：一前一后主题句，中间举两到三个例子，语言结构则不能太简单，要浓缩精炼。P14（2）方法三：正反举例，正面例子点名道姓，反面例子泛泛而谈。如2001年：注意方法一和方法二的行文对比方法一：18As shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines most brightly in the dark places. Love is most valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She cannot speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help desperately. I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her way to her hotel. It was a small but she thanked me a lot because my help is needed very much. My help was like a lamp in the dark place.文章句子虽然结构简单，但如无最后一句照应首句主题，显然不能得如此高分。方法二：16Numerous examples can be given easily, but these will be suffice. There are millions of pupils, who cannot afford to attend school. Some of them are not fortunate enough to go to school, but now there are many warm-heart people who offer help to the children. Of course, we can show our love in many other ways. For instance, we should help our friends when they are in trouble. As old saying goes: A friend in need is a friend in deed. As a young man, we should respect the old. When we walk on the street, we can help blind or old people and children cross the road. The list of such examples can go on and on.本文16分，除了已经修改的一些语法错误外，还因为少了首尾两句，导致例证分散，缺少主题句。方法三：（以2004年为例）18With the increasing pace of modern life, perhaps no change has characterized the past decade more dramatically than that of peoples view regarding their own life. It is generally agreed on that people have to adjust themselves to this new change. On the one hand, no doubt, people will gain a lot by setting new goals in their daily life. Take the famous scientist Thomas Edison for example. He had done very well in his early life, but he continued to pursue something more difficult all though his life. On the other hand, if one is obsessed with the success he has achieved, he would lose the chance to pursue new success. Whats more, he may become the slave of his achievement. There are many cases which show that people lose their courage to better themselves after becoming successful.c) 图画释义首先判断图画本身是直接，还是间接地表达主题；再者才确定积极/消极，准备好相应感情色彩的词汇准备行文。间接的；只进行举例论证，不解释原因。直接的：只进行原因分析，不举例论证。间接，以1998年为例：Odd and funny as they sound, such false promises can be seen and heard everywhere in our country. Administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribes; manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and polite and enthusiastic services. Can you find anything new and substantial other than their obligations, duties and jobs in these so called promises? I guess your answer will be negative. As a matter of fact, their intention to make such commitment is nothing but to put on civilized outer clothing to please or deceive the public.直接，以2000年为例：The purpose of pictures is to warn us that the sea resources are being deploted, and we need to protect our ocean now. As far as I am concerned, this kind of fishing is driving by economic consideration. To earn money, some just want to catch fish whether it is big or small. Whats more, some people ignore fish has its growing time. Excessive fishing in a short time causes decrease of fish. In addition, the development of modern science will also accelerate the process.3) 末段建议措施（分为显性、隐性）a) 显性建议三板斧：政府：制定法令人们：提高政治觉悟，接受教育等自己：增强信心，实施行动以2000年为例：Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measure. For one thing, we should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that the ocean resources are vital to us. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also, I believe that we human being can overcome this difficult, and we will have a bright future.b) 隐性末端五步走：总结点题:Therefore, it is high time that总体措施(政府):government, the authorities.人们个人表态I should keep/bear in mind that+宾从具体行动展望:Only in this way can we expect/build a more beautiful world/bright future.四、 写作中各种讨巧的变换1. Be属静态动词，可尝试多用合适的动态动词替换2. Not的替换, he would lose the chance to pursue new success. 3. “高频”替换With the development of = as a result of/due to/because of A lot/lots of = a great many, a large number ofPay attention to = attach importance to, enhance the awareness ofThink = give serious thought to五、 大作文中常用句1. During the past few decades, 在过去的几十年里2. The rise in the human population might lead to/account for/be responsible for the decrease in the number of人口的增长是导致的减少原因。3. The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that 4. Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measure.5. It is universally acknowledge that 6. In my opinion, the real implication of the author is that 7. Therefore, it is necessary for to take some measure to control the trend which may lead to六、 小作文 10评分重点在于信息点的覆盖要全，内容组织要好，语言准确性要高，格式和语域（作文中一般要用书面语）要恰当。允许在作文中使用提示语种出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组和句子将被扣分。正文格式（3段）1. 第一段12句话1) 自我介绍（非必须）2) 写作目的（必须写，一般为提纲）I am writing this letter in hope that/in order to do2. 第二段34句话1) 改写提纲两点原因或情况，可稍微扩展，控制字数2) 总结主题3. 第三段12句话1) 表感谢（看情况）2) 期待回复3) 落款Yours sincerely,Li Ming正文齐头式，落款左对齐；正文缩进式，落款右对齐。投诉信询问信请求信建议信求职信第一段表面意图交代情况表明身份交代背景表明身份说明意图写作目的，自我介绍(简略)，从何处得此信息第二段说明情况分条投诉具体情况两点原因或请求肯定优点提出建议Work experience and qualification第三段表达愿望提出方案表示感谢表示感谢期待回复总结建议提出希望表示感谢期待面试机会一篇经典的高分范文2003年温室花朵经不起风雨It goes without saying that the drawings aims at revealing a common and serious problem in China: how to educate and cultivate the young. Let us take a close look at the drawing. In an ideal condition, the flower blooms. But when moved out of greenhouse, it perishes under the rain and storm. It is obvious that the flower in greenhouse cant withstand wind and rains. (5, 67)Nowadays the younger generation in China, like the flower in the greenhouse, live under the full protection from their parents. Parents want to show all their love to their children. They give the ch