[句子的成分].doc

句子的成分一、英语句子中的基本成分英语句子中有两个最基本，也是最重要的成分主语和谓语。主语表明这个句子讲的是谁或者是什么；谓语说明主语在干什么或者处于什么状态。主语谓语Jamesis reading.The girlis beautiful.但是，一个句子仅有主语和谓语往往不能很好地表达说话者的意图，还需要宾语、定语、状语等成分。宾语表示行为或结果，一般用在及物动词的后面。主语谓语宾语The womanrecognizesthe man.定语用来修饰或限制名词或代词，更具体地说明所修饰的词到底是谁或有什么特征。主语谓语定语宾语The womanrecognizesthe tallman.Readingprovidesgreatfun.状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。主语谓语定语宾语状语The womanrecognizesthe tallmanimmediately.The studentsare readingEnglishbookswhole-heartedly.宾语补足语在宾语之后，以补足宾语的意义。如：My mother asked me to post the letter.(二) 各个成分的表示法1. 主语主语一般由名词或起名词作用的其他词类或短语等担任。(1) 名词作主语。The temperature remains very high these days.Television is the main source of entertainment.(2) 代词作主语。He can swim like a fish.Who is reading so loudly?This is the best film I have ever seen.(3) 数词作主语。One-third of the students are from the countryside.Three will be more than enough. 三个就足够了。(4) 动词-ing形式作主语。Smoking does a lot of harm to ones health.Running can make you healthier.(5) 不定式（短语）作主语。To do such a job requires a lot of courage.To live on an isolated island means a complete separation from the world.(6) 词组或复合结构作主语。All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.(谚语) 只用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变儍。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, happy and wise.早睡早起身体好，聪明快乐也不少。(7) 名词化的其他词类作主语。“ABC” is often used to show something is as easy or simple as “ABC”.The rich never help the poor in that country.(8) 从句作主语。作主语的从句被称为主语从句。Why he did such a silly thing is the question nobody can answer.When the project can be finished depends on the fund.(9) 形式主语与真正主语。在英语句子中，有时为了保持句子的平衡，避免“头重脚轻“主语太长的句子，用一个形式主语it 来代替真正的主语，而把真正的主语放在句子的后部。it在句子中没有任何意义，仅仅起一个平衡句子的作用。形式主语一般用在由不定式、动词-ing形式以及从句作主语的句子中。A. 主语为不定式的情况。It is your responsibility to maintain good order of the theatre.= To maintain good order of the theatre is your responsibility.保持剧院的良好秩序是你的责任。Its a big mistake to give up the plan.= To give up the plan is a big mistake.放弃这个计划是一个大错误。B. 主语为动词-ing形式的情况。在这种情况下，it作形式主语主要用在有下列表达的句子中： no use, no good, useless / not much use, worthwhile, waste, senseless, dangerous 等等。如：It is no use playing music for cows. 对牛弹琴是没有用的。It is not worthwhile repairing this watch. 这只手表不值得修。C从句作主语的情况。主语从句一般用that或一个连接代词或连接副词引导。如：It is quite strange that he can recite such a thick book.It is a great shame that you failed in the final term examination.It had been found out who killed the policeman.2. 谓语谓语在构成上有两种：简单谓语和复合谓语。(1) 简单谓语。凡是由一个动词或动词词组构成的谓语，无论处在什么时态、语态、语气下，都被称之为简单谓语。如：He walks in the snow.The children are given two boxes of chocolate.I have long been hoping to see you again.(2) 复合谓语。在动词或动词词组前加情态动词而构成的谓语被称为复合谓语。复合谓语的组成有两类。A. 由情态动词加动词原形（又称不带to的不定式）组成。You should ask him to buy the cake for you.She neednt come to see her sister everyday.另外，下列动词加动词原形也可以构成复合谓语。have to, be (not) to, be due to, have got to, be (not) likely to, seem to, get to, turn out to, be able to, happen to, used to等 + 动词，如：He seems to be very upset. 他看上去很不高兴。The plane is due to arrive at 3 oclock in the morning. 飞机预定早晨三点到达。How did he get to know that there is a barbecue tonight?他怎么知道今天晚上有烧烤的？B. 系动词加表语构成复合谓语，表示主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。最常见的系动词就是be，但也有一些及物动词或不及物动词常常可以起一个系动词的作用。这类常见的动词有：表示特征或状态feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear表示由一种状态变为另一种状态become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come, run表示保持某种状态remain, continue, stay, keep, rest, prove, turn out如：This dish tastes very delicious. 这菜味道很好。The leaves turn yellow when autumn comes.Gradually all of them become very interested in English.The bank remains open till 8 oclock in the evening. 银行到晚上八点才关门。We should keep calm when we are in danger.3. 表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。(1) 名词作表语。She still remained a hero in peoples mind after her death.(2) 代词作表语。Thats something we have to keep in mind.You are eighty? You dont look it. 你80岁了？看上去不像。(3) 数词作表语。He is always the first to enter the classroom. 他总是第一个到教室。(4) 形容词作表语。The little boy is very clever. 这个小男孩很聪明。(5) 动词-ing形式作表语。Time is pressing. We must hurry up. 时间很紧，我们必须赶紧。His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮。(6) 不定式作表语。All we can do to help him is to give him some money.(7) 副词作表语。The light is off.The film is over.(8) 介词短语作表语。Be at ease! 安下心来！What he said was really beyond all my expectation. 他说的话完全出乎我的意料。(9) 词组作表语。They are twice the size of chickens. 它们是小鸡的两倍大小。(10) 从句作表语（称之为表语从句）。引导表语从句的词主要有that, wh-型词(what, where, when, how, why, whether等) 如：The fact is that we neglected a lot of data.Thats what we do not know.The question is why we hadnt left a little bit earlier.That was when I was a college student.Thats how we got the tickets.The question is whether we should go or stay.Thats where we should go.4. 宾语(1) 名词作宾语。Tom is reading a book.Mary did her exercises last night.(2) 代词作宾语。Tell me, please.I will call you any time when I hear form him.(3) 数词作宾语。There are three apples. I want two.(4) 动词-ing形式及其短语作宾语。 He kept complaining about the bad food.Do you mind closing the door for me?(5) 不定式及其短语作宾语。I want to pick up a new foreign language.He decided to give up the opportunity.(6) 从句作宾语。用来作宾语的从句被称为宾语从句。引导宾语从句的词主要有that以及wh-型词（where, when, why, how, whether, what等）如：She said that she would never ask anybody to help her.Do you know when we will have the English exam?You must write down what the chairman said.Can you tell me where I can get the English-English dictionary?I wonder whether you will have the time or not.Show us how you made it.(7) 直接宾语和间接宾语作宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果；间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的或者为谁做的。一般的句子都有一个直接宾语，如：He ordered two tickets. 他订了两张票。但是，在有些句子中，仅有直接宾语还不能把句子的意义表达完整，还需要一个间接宾语，如： She gave me twenty dollars. (twenty dollars是直接宾语，me是间接宾语)I will tell you a very interesting story. (a very interesting story是直接宾语，you是间接宾语)在直接宾语比间接宾语短、直接宾语是人称代词，或者需要强调间接宾语时，间接宾语可以放在直接宾语之后，用to或for连接，整个句子在意义上没有什么变化，如：The bank granted us a loan. The bank granted a loan to us.银行为我们提供了一笔贷款。My father bought me a birthday cake. My father bought a birthday cake for me. 爸爸为我买了一盒生日蛋糕。(8) 宾语+宾语补足语（也称复合宾语）。英语中有很多句子带有两部分宾语，第一部分表示宾语是谁或是什么，第二部分则补充说明宾语在干什么或有什么特性。这第二部分通常被称为宾语补足语（有的语法书称复合宾语）。它的表现形式主要有四种：A. 名词（代词）+ 不定式。The doctor asked him to quit smoking. (him为宾语，to quit smoking为宾语补足语)I want you to leave as soon as possible. (you为宾语，to leave as soon as possible为宾语补足语)The manager made them work night and day. 经理使得他们日以继夜的工作。注意：make, help, watch, let, have, hear, see等动词，接不带to的不定式（动词原形）。B名词（代词）+ 分词（动词-ing形式或动词-ed形式）。Henry had his watch repaired. (repair作宾语his watch的补足语)I saw a little girl running to her mother. (短语running to her mother作宾语a little girl的补足语)C名词（代词）+ 名词。能够接名词作宾语补足语的常见动词有：name, make, call, appoint, leave, count, find, nominate（提名），elect, consider, think, crown等，如：They nominated her a member of the council.他们提名她为委员会的成员。The president appointed Smith the dean of English Department.校长任命史密斯当英语系主任。D名词（代词）+ 形容词。Get everything ready before dusk.We must keep our classroom clean.(9) 形式宾语与真正宾语。当宾语过长，如当从句、不定式短语、动名词短语等作宾语的时候，通常用一个形式宾语it来取代宾语的位置，而把真正的宾语置后。如：She found it difficult to understand his English. （代替不定式短语）I have made it quite clear to you that I did not do it. （代替that从句）5. 定语(1) 形容词作定语。She is a beautiful girl.Tom told us an interesting story.(2) 代词作定语。This is my book.Our government tries in every way to improve peoples living standard.我们的政府想方设法提高人民的生活水平。(3) 数词作定语。One hundred people attended the party.China belongs to the third world.(4) 名词或名词所有格作定语。Please tell me your telephone number.There are many pieces of good news in todays newspaper.(5) 分词或分词短语作定语。Do you know the name of the professor coming to visit us?你知道来这访问的教授的名字吗？（动词-ing形式短语作定语）We have a lot of equipment imported from Japan.我们有很多从日本进口的设备。（动词-ed形式短语作定语）(6) 不定式或不定式短语作定语。There are many things to be discussed today.今天有很多事情要讨论。He is not this kind of man to behave like that. 他不是会这样做的人。(7) 介词短语作定语。His experiences in the Sahara desert enable him to stand any hot weather.他在撒哈拉沙漠的经历使他能忍受任何高温天气。The wealth of the nation has been greatly increased these years.国家的财富近几年有了很大的增长。(8) 副词作定语。副词（主要是地点副词和时间副词）用作定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后。如：The meeting yesterday lasted more than three hours.Life here is full of joy. （这里的生活充满欢乐。）We had to get off and take the bus behind.（我们只得下车，换乘后面的巴士。）(9) 合成词作定语。I will give you my all-out support whenever necessary.在任何有必要的时候，我都会给你全力支持。Computer can provide us a lot of up-to-date information.计算机能给我们提供很多最新信息。(10) 从句作定语。用来作定语的从句被称为定语从句。He is the man who told me a funny story.He bought a book which is written by OHenry.That is the reason why we all vote for him. 这就是我们投他票的原因。6. 状语(1) 副词作状语。He drives slowly.I asked him to leave immediately.(2) 介词短语作状语。He asked this question out of curiosity. 他问这个问题是出于好奇。Jim left without saying good-bye. 吉姆没打招呼就走了。(3) 分词或分词短语作状语。Compared to French, English is easier. The woman left her house, holding an umbrella in her hand.(4) 不定式或不定式短语作状语。They come here to visit us.They will be very glad to see you again.(5) 形容词作状语。形容词作状语，表示意义上的增补，和句子的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它可以放在句子前面，也可放在句子后部，间或插在主语后面。如：She hurried up the steps, nervous and pale. （她匆忙走上台阶，神情紧张，脸色苍白。）Strange to say, no one was hurt. （说也奇怪，没有人受伤。）(6) 词组作状语。He jumped ten feet.She took care of the children night and day.(7) 复合结构作状语。With his homework finished, he went to see a film.That being the case, we have to give up our plan. 情况如此，我们不得不放弃计划。(8) 从句作状语。用作状语的从句被称之为状语从句。Johnson was angry because his