数轴版英语时态讲解.doc

在英语时态教学中引入数轴陕西省西安市西飞一中 张林锋陕西省西安市西飞二中 徐亚杰 由于汉语中的时态仅仅是通过应用不同的时间副词来进行改变，而英语中的时态则是通过动词的变化来表达的，这就加大了中国学生学习英语时态的难度。 为了便于学生掌握复杂的英语时态， 笔者通过在教学中引入数轴，极大的提高了学生对英语时态的掌握。下面， 我将对在时态教学中数轴的应用进行举例阐述。一、 一般现在时（Simple Present）1 表示重复的动作： 一般现在时可用来表示一个不断重复或经常发生的动作。这个动作可以是一种习惯、一个爱好，日常发生的事情， 计划的事情或者时常发生的事情。同时， 它可以用来表达一个人时常遗忘或不做的事情。 例如： I play tennis.She does not play tennis. The train leaves every morning at 8 am.The train does not leave at 9am.She always forgets her purse.He never forgets his wallet.Every twelve months, the Earth circles the sun.The sun does not circle the Earth.2 表示事实或概括一般现在时可用来表明说话人相信一个事实过去是真的、现在是真的，将来还是真的。至于说话人是否正确并不重要。同时， 它还可用来表示对人或物的概括。 例如：Cats like milk.Birds do not like milk.California is in America.California is not in the United Kingdom.Windows are made of glass.Windows are not made of wood.New York is a small city. (It is not important that this fact is untrue.)3 表示现在（非延续性动词）用一般现在时来表达一个动作正在发生或没有正在发生（只能用非延续行动词）。例如：I am here now.She is not here now.He needs help right now.He does not need help now.He has a car.二、 现在进行时（Present Continuous）构成：AM / IS / ARE + VERB+ing例如：I am watching TV.He is quickly learning the language.1 现在正在进行 现在进行时通过使用延续性动词来表达某件事情此时此刻正在发生，也可用来表示否定。例如：You are learning English now.You are not swimming now.I am sitting.I am not standing.They are reading their books.They are not watching television.What are you doing?Why arent you doing your homework?2 表示某一时间段中， 一件事情的进行过程现在进行时可以用来表示一段时间中，一个延续较长时间的动作的进行过程，它并不表示我们在说话时也正在做这件事。例如：I am studying to become a doctor.I am not studying to become a dentist.I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.I am not reading any books right now.Are you working on any special projects at work?Arent you teaching at the University now?3 表示不远的将来将要发生的事情 例如：I am meeting some friends after work.I am not going to the party tonight.Is he visiting his parents next weekend.Isnt he coming with us tonight.4 与always或constantly连用表示重复或令人生气的事情 当现在进行时与always、constantly 连用时， 表示令人生气或震惊的事情经常发生。这种句子通常带有贬义。（注意：always或constantly 必须放在系动词与分词之间）例如：She is always coming to class late.He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.I dont like them because they are always complaining.三、 一般过去时（Simple Past）构成：VERB+ed例如：I visited my friends.I often visited my friends.1 表示过去已经完成的动作 过去进行时表示某个动作在过去某一时间开始并结束。说话人可能不提确切的时间，但一定有一个确切的时间。例如：I saw a movie yesterday.I didnt see a movie yesterday.Last year, I traveled to Japan.Last year, I didnt travel to Japan.She washed her car.She didnt wash her car.2 表示过去完成了的一系列事情，这些事情一般按顺序完成 例如： I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.3 表示单一的持续动作表示一个动作在过去的某个时间开始并延续一段时间后结束，通常与表示时间的短语 for two years, for five minutes, all day 或all year 等连用。例如：I lived in Brazil for two years.Shauna studied Japanese for five years.They sat at the beach all day.We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.How long did you wait for them?We waited for one hour.4 过去的习惯表示过去的某个习惯，现在已经没有了。句中经常会用到always， often、usually、never、.when I was a child或.when I was younger等。 例如：I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin. She worked at the movie theater after school. They never went to school, they always skipped.四、过去进行时（Past Continuous） 构成：WAS / WERE + VERB+ing例如：I was studying when she called.I was carefully picking up the snake when it bit me. 表示过去被打扰了的动作表示过去一个延续的动作被打扰，打扰这一动作的时态通常用一般过去时。例如：I was watching TV when she called.When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.While we were having a picnic, it started to rain.Sally was working when Joe had the car accident.While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. 表示过去某一时间正在干某事例如：Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. 平行动作表示两个或两个以上的动作同时发生。例如：I was studying while he was making dinner.While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.They were eating dinner, discussing their plans and having a good time.4. 与always 或 constantly 连用表示重复或令人生气的动作 当过去进行时与always、constantly 连用时， 表示令人生气或震惊的事情过去经常发生。这种句子通常带有贬义。（注意：always或constantly 必须放在系动词与分词之间） 例如: She was always coming to class late.He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.I didnt like them because they were always complaining.五、现在进行时（Present Perfect） 构成：HAS / HAVE + past participle 例如：I have seen that movie many times.I have never seen that movie.1. 表示事情在过去某一时间发生表示事情在过去某一时间发生，确切时间并不重要。不能与表示确切时间的时间状语如：yesterday、one year ago、last week、when I was a child、when I lived in Japan、at that moment、that day或 one day等连用。但可以和ever、never、once、many times、several times、before、so far、already 和 yet 连用。 例如：I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. Has there ever been a war in the United States? Yes, there has been a war in the United States. People have traveled to the moon. 2. 表示从过去某一时间一直延续到现在的动作（非延续性动词） 对于有些非延续行动词，我们可以用现在完成时来表示某事从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在。常用For five minutes、for two weeks、和since Tuesday等时间状语。例如：I have had a cold for two weeks.She has been in England for six months.Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. 六、现在完成进行时（Present Perfect Continuous）构成：HAS / HAVE + BEEN + VERB+ing例如：I have been waiting here for two hours.She has only been studying English for two years. 表示从过去一直持续到现在现在完成进行时用来表示某事从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在。常与for five minutes、for two weeks和since Tuesday等连用。例如：They have been talking for the last hour. She has been working at that company for three years. James has been teaching at the University since June. 2. 表示最近、近来一直在干某事 我们也可以不用表示延续的时间状语而只用lately 、recently来表示最近一直在干某事。例如：Recently, I have been feeling really tired.She has been watching too much television lately.Mary has been feeling a little depressed.七、过去完成时（Past Perfect） 构成：HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE例如：I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S.They had never met an American until they met John. 表示在过去某事之前已经完成的动作过去完成时用来表示某个动作在过去发生的另外一件事之前发生，或在过去的某一时间之前发生。例如：I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992?Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.2. 表示延续到过去的某一时间 表示一个动作从过去的某一时间开始到过去的另一时间结束。 例如：We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.3. 与过去具体某一时间有关的过去完成时 不像现在完成时，在过去完成时中可以用具体的过去某一时间作状语。 例如：She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved inwith them in 1996. 八、过去完成进行时（Past Perfect Continuous） 构成：HAD BEEN + VERB+ing 例如：I had been waiting there for two hours before she finally arrived.She had only been studying English for two years before she got the job. 表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到过去的另一时间表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到过去的另一时间，常与 for five minutes、for two weeks 等连用。例如：They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.James had been teaching at the University for more than a year before he left for Asia. 用于表示导致过去某事发生的原因例如：Jason was tired because he had been jogging.Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. 九、一般将来时(Simple Future) 构成1：WILL + VERB 例如： I will help him later.I will never help him. 构成2：AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO + VERB 例如： He is going to meet Jane tonight.He is definitely going to meet Jane tonight.像所有的将来时一样，一般将来时不能用在以when、while、before、after、by the time、as soon as、if和unless引导的从句中。 例如：When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct will 用来表达自愿的行动will 表明说话人主动提出干某事。英语中常用will 来回应别人的抱怨和要求。例如：A: Im really hungry.B: Ill make some sandwiches.A: Im so tired. Im about to fall asleep.B: Ill get you some coffee.A: The phone is ringing.B: Ill get it. will 用来表示承诺 例如： I will call you when I arrive.If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party. be going to 表示计划 be going to 常用来表明某人打算将来做某事。例如：He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.We are going to meet each other tonight at 6:00 PM.A: Who is going to make Johns birthday cake.B: Sue is going to make Johns birthday cake.4will 和和be going to 都可用来表示预测 例如：The year 2000 will be a very interesting year. The year 2000 is going to be a very interesting year. John Smith will be the next President. John Smith is going to be the next President. The movie Zenith will win several Academy Awards. The movie Zenith is going to win several Academy Awards.十、将来进行时（Future Continuous）像所有将来时态一样， 将来进行时都不能用于以when、while、before、after、by the timeas soon as、if 和 unless 等引导的从句中。例如：While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct While I will be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct构成1：WILL BE + VERB+ing 例如：When your plane arrives tonight, I will be waiting for you. 构成2：AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO + VERBing 例如：When your plane arrives tonight, I am going to be waiting for you.1. 表示将来某一时间被打扰了的动作将来进行时可用来表示将来时间的一个持续时间较长的动作将会被打扰。这个打扰的动作通常用一般将来时。例如：I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. While I am working, Steve will make dinner.He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.2表示将来某一具体时间将要发生的动作 例如：Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to be eating dinner. At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.3.平行动作 当在一个句子中用将来进行时表示两个动作时，这两个动作在同一时间发生，这就是平行结构。 例如：I am going to be studying while he is making dinner. While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.4表示将来的现象 在英语中经常会用一系列的平行结构来描述将来的现象。 例如：When I arrive at the party everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.十一、将来完成时（Future Perfect）像所有将来时态一样， 将来完成时不能用于以when、while、before、after、by the time、as soon as、if 和 unless 等引导的从句中。例如：I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. CorrectI am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct构成1：WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE例如：I will have perfected my English by the time I come back from the U.S.构成2：AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE例如：I am going to have perfected my English by the time I come back from the US. 表示在将来某一事件之前已经完成的动作例如：By next November, I will have received my promotion.By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. 表示在将来某一事件之前持续的一个动作（非持续性动词）例如：I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.十二、将来完成进行时（Future Perfect Continuous） 像所有将来时态一样，