初级语法教程名词.doc

名 词一 概念名词是某个人或物的名称，或是某类人或物的抽象名称。如：desk, radio,water, air, family, work二 名词的分类名词分类列举说明专有名词The Moon,the Sun,the Earth普通名词个体名词book,apple可数名词集体名词police,family物质名词dust,air不可数名词抽象名词housework,feeling三 名词的数1.名词复数形式的规则变化规律例子一般情况直接加-sbedbeds cupcupstreetrees以“sh,ch,s,x”和部分“o”结尾的名词加-eswatchwatches dishdishesglassglasses boxboxes例外photophotospianopianosradioradioszoozoos以“e”结尾的名词加-spiecepiecescakecakes以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词变y为i，再加esflyflies factoryfactoriesstorystories studystudies注意playplays toytoysmonkeymonkeys以“f,fe”结尾的名词变f,fe为vesknifeknives leafleaves例外roofroofs2.名词复数形式的不规则变化单复同形sheepsheep fishfishdeerdeer peoplepeople变形childchildren footfeetmanmen womanwomenmousemice3.国人的单复数巧计：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。a Chinesefive Chinese(不变)a Frenchmansome Frenchmen(变man为men)an Englishmansome Englishmen(变man为men)an Indianthree Indians(直接加s)one Germansix Germans(不要变为Germen)4.不可数名词液体，如：water,juice,milk,tea,coffee等。部分食物，如：bread,meat,beef,pork,chicken,fish等。其他，如：money,homework,housework,air,paper等。练习.用名词的正确形式填空1.Lily and Lucy are my_(classmate).2.There are seven_(sheep).3.My uncle has two bottles of_(child).4.How many_(subway) are there in Shenzhen?5.Can you give me two bottles of_(water)?6.I brush my_(tooth) three times a day.7.I have two _(cup) of coffee for breakfast.8.The_(leaf) turn green in spring.9.There are some_(policeman) in the police station.10.The green sweater is his_(brother).选择填空( )1.We have some_but we need some_.A.tomatos;potatos B. tomatoes;potatosC. tomatos;potatoes D. tomatos;potatoes().The thief has two _.A.knife B. .knifesC. .knives D. .knifees()3.-Can I help you? -Yes,Id like some_.A.banana B.pearsC.apple D.lychee()4.Father has _for breakfast.A.two piece of bread B. two pieces of breadC. two pieces of breads D. two piece of breads( )5.Im thirsty.I need _to drink.A.three bottle of juice B. three bottle of juicesC. three bottles of juices D. three bottles of juice( )6.There are many_.A.banana trees B. banana treeC. bananas trees D. bananas tree( )7.Lily bought_for Marys birthday.A.two pair of shoes B. two pairs of shoesC. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoe( )8.The trousers are too small.I want to buy a new_.A.one B.trousersC.pair D.trouser( )9.The room is_.A.Lucy and Lily B. Lucys and LilyC. Lucys and Lilys D. Lucy and Lilys( )10.There are ten_in this school.A.woman teacher B. woman teachersC. womans teachers D. woman teachers人称代词物主代词一 概念人称代词：人称代词分为主格和宾格两种。人称代词主格在句子中作主语，人称代词宾格在动词后面作宾语。如：We are students.(we 是句子的主语。)I gave him a new pencil case.(I是主语，him是宾语。)物主代词：物主代词用来表示所属关系。分为形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词两种。如：This is my book. That is yours.(my是形容词性物主代词，yours是名词性物主代词，yours=your book)二 人称代词和物主代词的分类数人称类别单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey人称代词宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs三 用法1.人称代词主格的用法人称代词主格，在句子中作主语，就是在句子中充当动作的执行者，一般放在句子的最前面。如： She likes playing badminton very much.她非常喜欢打羽毛球。 They are talking and laughing all the time.他们总是又说又笑。Shall we go to the park this weekend?我们这周末去公园好吗？2.人称代词宾格的用法人称代词宾格在句子中作宾语，放在动词后面，是动作的承受者。如： He teaches us English.us放在teach（教，是动词）后面作它的宾语。 I help him with his English.him放在help(帮助，是动词)后面作它的宾语。3.形容词性物主代词的用法既然称为形容词性物主代词，它与形容词就有相似之处，都用来修饰名词，不可单独使用。如： These are their bags.their(他们的)修饰名词bags。 Its name is Kitty。Its（它的）修饰名词name。4.名词性物主代词的用法名词性物主代词可看作名词单独使用，后面不必再加名词，也可以说：名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如： This is an English book.Its mine.这里mine=my book. Its not our room.Ours is over there.这里Ours=Our room。练习.完成下表主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词Iyouherhisitourthey.用代词的正确形式填空1.-Are these_(you) pencils? -Yes,they are_(our).2.-Are these_(they)bags? -No,they arent_(they).They are_(our).3.Bob loves_(he) brother very much.4.Shall_(we)go to the zoo by bus or by bike?5.Jim is a very good boy.We all like_(he).6.What does _(you)mother do?7.I have a cat._(it) name is Kitty8.Miss Zhang teaches_(we)English.9._(they) are listening to music.10.Can you sing a song for _(we)?选择填空( )1.This is a friend of_.A.he B.himC.his D.hes ( )2.How beautiful_is!A.she B.her C.hers D.its ( )3.This is her book._are over there.A.They B.ThemC.Their D.Theirs ( )4._apples are in the basket. A.I B.Mine C.My D.Me ( )5.I help_with her in the basket.A.she B.herC.hers D.him( )6.Can you tell_about the story?A.I B.meC.my D.mine( )7.Mr Wang teaches_maths.A.him B.hisC.he D.hes( )8.-Are these_bags? -No,they arent_.A.you;my B.your;mineC.your;me D.yours;my( )9.These are_books.Ill put _in the box.A.my;them B.I;themC.my;they D.mine;them( )10._are playing basketball on the playgroundA.Them B.TheyC.Their D.Theirs冠 词一 概念冠词是虚词，本身没有意义，它总用在名词前面帮助名词指定含义，不单独使用。二 冠词的分类冠词不定冠词（a/an）定冠词（the）三 冠词的用法1.不定冠词的用法（1）不定冠词表示“一个”，相当于one。如：This is an apple.There is a book on the desk.(2) 放在名词前,表示“一类”人或物。如：A horse is a useful animal.2.定冠词的用法（1）特指，只说话双方都知道的人或物。如：Do you like the picture on the wall?两个都知道指的是墙上的那幅画。（2）复制，指前面出现过一次，又再次出现的人或物。如：On the way home,I saw a little girl.The girl was crying.两个girl指的是同一个人。（3）放在序数词（见数词）前面。如：Im the second(第二个)child in my family.(4) 形容词最高级前面要用the。如：He is the tallest(最高级)student in my class.(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前面要用the。如：the Sun, the Moon, the Earth(6) 在山川、河流、湖泊前面要用the。如：He lives near the Pacific Ocean(太平洋)。(7) 乐器前面要用the。如：play the piano, play the guitar(8) 放在形容词或名词前面表示一类人或物。如：the rich, the poor, the beauty(9) 放在姓氏前表示一家人。如：The Greens(格林一家人)like watching TV.(10) 由普通名词组成的专有名词前要用the。如：the United States,the Summer Palace,the East Lake Park练习 选择填空（ ）1.It is _beautiful flower. A.a B.an C.the D. ( )2.It takes me_hour to go to the school. A.a;a B.anC.the D.( )3.I have _egg and _apple for breakfast.A.a;a B.an;anC.a;an D.an;a( )4.He is playing_violin.A.a B.anC.the D.( )5._Blacks like traveling.A.The B.AnC.the D.( )6.The poor _have much money.A.do B.doesC.dont D.doesnt ( )7.Lily likes playing _badmintonA.a B.an C.the D.( )8.The student and monitor_handing out students notebooks.A.is B.amC.are D.be( )9.He is _tallest student in his class.A.a B.an C.the D.( )10._young should respect_old.A.A;a B.A;theC.The;a D.The;the形容词、副词一 概念形容词：直接或间接地修饰或限定名词，说明人或物的性质、状态或特性。副词：修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，更具体、更全面、更生动地描述动作或整件事情进行得怎么样。二 用法1.形容词一般作定语，放在名词前面，都含有“的”的意思。如：a beautiful(美丽的) flower a big (大的) boxa clever(聪明的) student a nice (好的) teacherthe delicious(可口的) food an interesting(有趣的)game2.副词一般修饰动词，可以放在句子前面、中间或句子的最后。正：They live in London happily.正：The baby is sleeping.Dont talk loudly.三 难点、注意点1 有些形容词只能放在系动词后面作表语，不能修饰名词。如：asleep，alike，ill，awake请看例句： The baby is asleep. The twins look alike. The poor rabbit is ill.2 连系动词不用副词修饰，要用形容词。如：taste，feel，be动词，smell，keep正：The teacher is coming.Please keep quiet.正：This dish tastes good.正：This cloth feels soft.3 部分形容词+ly可变成副词。如：形容词 副词quick +ly quicklyslow +ly slowlyquiet +ly quietlycareful +ly carefully happy +ly happyly* 注意：并不是以ly结尾的都是副词，名词+ly一般不是副词。如：名词 形容词friend +ly friendlylove +ly lovely* 有些名词加y变成形容词。如：名词 形容词rain +y rainysun +y sunnycloud +y cloudysalt +y saltly4.有些即使形容词，也是副词。如：early，fast，hard请看例句：This is an early bus.修饰名词bus，early是形容词。I must get up early in order to catch the first bus.修饰动词短语get up, early是副词。5.hard与hardly的区别（1）hard可作形容词，意为“硬的”，“难的”。如：This is question is too hard(难的)for me to answer.This bread is hard(硬的).(2)hard也可作副词，意为“努力地”。如：He studies hard(努力)。 （3）hardly只作副词用，意为“几乎不”。如：The teacher speaks too fast.I can hardly understand him.老师讲的太快了，我几乎听不懂他在说什么。6.good与well的区别good作形容词，意为“好的”；well作副词，意为“好好地”，作形容词，意为“身体好，健康”。如：误：He can do it good.正：He can do it well.修饰do（动词），用副词well。7either与too的区别either和too都表示“也”的意思，但是too用在肯定句中，either用在否定句中。如： He lives in Shanghai.I live in Shanghai,too. My mother doesnt like football match.I dont like it either.8.enough与形容词、副词连用要放在形容词、副词的后面。如：误：My little brother is not enough old to go to school.正：My little brother is not old enough to go to school.9.something,everything,anything与形容词、副词连用要放在形容词、副词的前面（刚好与enough相反）。如：误：I have important something to tell you.正：I have something important to tell you.练习按要求写出下列歌词的正确形式。good(副词)_ happy（副词）_rain（形容词）_ loudly(形容词)_fast（副词）_ friend(形容词)_heavy（副词）_ highly(形容词)_easily（形容词）_ hard(副词)_.选择填空。（ ）1.Those boxes are too_.A.heavy B.heavilyC.heavier D.heaviest( )2.You dont look _.Youd better go to see a doctor.A.well B.goodC.badly D.worse( )3.She doesnt feel _though she is_.A.alone;lonely B.lonely;aloneC.lonely;lonely D.alone;lone( )4.He is _to pick the apples.A.tall enough B.enough tallC.an tall enough D.an enough tall( )5.The teacher speaks in a low voice.I can _hear her.A.hard B.hardlyC.no D.easy( )6.A car goes very_.A.slow B.slowlyC.fast D.fastly( )7.Is there_today?A.new something B.something newC.new anything D.anything new( )8.You should be_in the library and you shouldnt talk_.A.quiet;loud B.quiet;loudlyC.quietly;loud D.quietly;loudly( )9.Look at the _cat.A.lovely B.loveC.lovelily D.loving( )10.A _girl never does anything_.A.polite;rude B.politely;rudeC.polite;rudely D.politely;rudely形容词、副词的等级一 概念大多数形容词、副词都有等级的变化，表示“比更”或“最”，形容词用来表示事物的等级差别一般又原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。如：strong-stronger-strongestfast-faster-fastestheavy-heavier-heaviest二 形容词、副词比较级、最高级的构成1.规则变化规律原级比较级最高级一般在原级后面加-er,-est。quickslowcleverhighquickerslowerclevererhigherquickestslowestcleveresthighest原级以字母e结尾，那么直接在后面加-r,-stnicelargeablenicerlargerablernicestlargestablest以辅音+字母y结尾的，变y为i，再加-er,-est。heavyeasyearlyhappyheaviereasierearlierhappierheaviesteasiestearliesthappiest重读闭音节（一个元音+一个辅音结尾），双写辅音字母，再加-er，-est。fatredthinwetbigfatterredderthinnerwetterbiggerfattestreddestthinnestwettestbiggest部分双音节与多音节前面要加more,most。carefuldeliciousdangerousbeautifulmore carefulmore deliciousmore dangerousmore beautifulmost carefulmost deliciousmost dangerousmost beautiful*音节的划分：单词里面以一个发音的元音为一个音节。dan/ger/ous(三音节) fast（单音节）2.不规则变化原形比较级最高级goodbetterbestwellbadworseworstillmanymoremostmuchfarfartherfarthestfurtherfurthestoldolderoldesteldereldestlittlelessleast三 用词1.形容词、副词的比较级常用于两个同类的人或事物比较，比较对象间一般用than连接。如： The Earth is bigger than the Moon. This bag is heavier than that one.2.形容词、副词的比较级一般可用much,rather,far,a bit,a little等修饰。如：Im much taller than Peter.Lily is a bit thinner than LucyMy mother is far nicer than my father.3.形容词最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或事物比较，表示人或事物在某个范围内“最”，最高级前面要用the。如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China.Sam is the tallest of the three.Lily is the most careful student in Class2 Grade3.练习按要求写出下列各词的正确形式。good （比较级）_ dangerous（最高级）_easiest（原级）_ thin（比较级）_bigger（原级）_ happy（最高级）_heavy（比较级）_ carefully（比较级）_bad（最高级）_ furthest（原级）_选择填空（ ）1.Which subject do you like_,maths or English?A.good B.betterC.best D.well( )2.This red rose is _of all the flowers.A.beautifuler B.much more beautifulC.the most beautiful D. beautiful( )3.My book is newer than_.A.he B.hisC.our D.we( )4.Now Peter is _than he was.A.more carefully B.much carefulC. more careful D. much carefully( )5.This box is not _than one.A.as bigger as B.so bigger asC. as big as D. bigger( )6.He is _student in my class.A.good B.betterC.the best D.best( )7.I ate _vegetables than I had yesterday.A.much B.manyC.more D.most()8.This building is_that tree.A.so tall as B.as tall asC.so taller as D.as taller as( )9.Are you going to have _study? -No,I have to go to work.A.far B.fartherC.further D.farer( )10._he is,_he will be. A.The busy ;the happier B.The busy;the happyC.The busier;the happier D.The busier;the happy数 词一 概念表示人或物数量的多少，或者人或物的排列顺序的词叫做数词。二 分类数词一般分为基数词和序数词两种：1. 基数词表示人或物数量的多少，意为“个”。如：one book,thirty-five children,one hundred policemen2. 序数词表示人或物得排列顺序，意为“第”。如：the second month,the twenty-first century,the thirs try(尝试)三 用法1.基数词表示数量的多少，注意与后面的名词保持单、复数一致，并注意谓语动词的选用。如：There is one apple in the fridge.one（一个），apple用单数，谓语动词用is。Millions of foreigners are coming to Beijing in 2008。millions of(数以百万计)，修饰复数名词，foreigner用复数，谓语动词用are。*不可数名词不可以与基数词连用，没有two water这种说法。2.序数词表示人或物的排列顺序，意为“第”，序数词前面要用the。如：Im the third child(第三个小孩)in my family.December is the twelfth month(第十二个月)of the year.3. 基数词表示时间（1） 所有时间都可以这样表示：点钟（基数词）+分钟（基数词）。如：6：25 six twenty-five9:30 nine thirty11:57 eleven fifty-seven(2) 分钟小于30的可以这样表示：分钟+past+点钟，意为“几点过几分”。5：16 sixteen past five12:24 twenty-four past twelve9:05 five past nine（3）分钟大于30的可以这样表示：（60-分钟）+to+（点钟+1），意为“差几分到几点”。8：45 six to nine11：37 twenty-three to twelve4. 分数的表达（1）所有分子为1的分数都可以表示成：one+分母的序数词。如： 1 4one fourth/ a quarter 1 10one tenth 1 18one eighteenth (2) 分子不为1的分数可以表示成:分子（基数词）+分母（序数词）+S。如： 25two fifths 7 8 seven eighth练习选择填空（ ）1. There are more than_days in a year. A. three hundreds B. three hundred C. hundreds of D. three hundred of ( ) 2. _people visited our school this morning. A. Hundred of B. Several hundreds C. Hundreds of D. Two hundreds（ ） 3. I live in_. A. 105 Room B. 105 room C. Room 105 D. Rooms 105（ ） 4. Monday is_day of the week. A. two B. the two C. second D. the second ( ) 5. There are_month of the year. A. twelve; nine B. twelve; ninth C. twelfth; nine D. twelfth;ninth ( ) 6. Now it is_century. A. the twenty-one B. the twenty one C. the twenty-first D. the twenth first ( ) 7. What time is it now? -It”s_. A. thirty-two past six B. twenty past six C. fifty-five to six D. thirty to six ( ) 8. One third of this bread_bad. A. is B. are C. am D. be ( ) 9. _of t