硕士英语综合教程2.pdf

硕士英语综合教程 2 Unit 1 Human based Strategy Text ASuccessful Organizations Put People First I Background Information 1 Howard Schultz born July 19 1953 is an American businessman and entrepreneur best known as the chairman and CEO of Starbucks and a former owner of the Seattle SuperSonics Schultz co founded Maveron an investment group in 1998 with Dan Levitan In 2006 Forbes Magazine ranked Schultz as the 354th richest person in the United States with a net worth of 1 1 billion dollars 2 W L Gore exert e g At least put forth a semblance of effort when you scrub the floor 6 Since its inception it has been the Starbucks employees who have helped drive the success of the company Para 8 Since the beginning it was Starbucks employees who made the company become successful inception the beginning of something e g The club has grown rapidly since its inception in 1990 7 But it was probably Howard Schultz who started the ignition Para 8 But it was probably Howard Schultz who was the first manager to bring out his employees motivation for his company ignite the original meaning is start to burn but in this sentence it means cause sth to happen e g Hopefully everybody will find something interesting to ignite their creativity 8 A year after he joined the company a visit to Milan Italy inspired Schultz to bring the Italian coffee bar concept back to Seattle and put it into action in a new Starbucks location Para 9 After his visit to Milan Italy Schultz got the idea that bring the Italian coffee bar concept back to Seattle put it into practice in a new Starbucks shop inspire give sb the idea for sth e g His paintings were clearly inspired by Monet s work put into action put sth into practice e g The new plan for traffic control is being put into action on an experimental basis 9 It was a new foray for the company which previously had only provided freshly roasted beans for sale Para 9 It was an initial attempt for Starbucks because it had only sold freshly roasted beans before foray a venture or an initial attempt especially outside one s usual area e g It is the company s first foray into the computer market 10 At the store level Starbucks has been successful in bucking the norm at most retail service environments where employee turnover is high and competence or enthusiasm is waning Para 12 At the store level Starbucks has succeeded in resisting the standard set by the general retail service environments At that time most retail companies were having a workforce which had a high amount of transaction but a low ability and interest in their work and company buck resist or oppose sth e g One or two companies have managed to buck the trend of the recession competence the ability to do sth well e g If you try to handle a situation beyond your professional competence you run the risk of making the situation worse enthusiasm great excitement for or interest in a subject or cause e g The news was greeted with a lack of enthusiasm by those at the meeting wane the act or process of gradually declining or diminishing e g Her enthusiasm for the whole idea was waning rapidly 11 Often it is the barista who is the impetus for a change simply because he or she is the one on the front line dealing with customers on a daily basis Para 17 The barista a person who makes and serves coffee in a coffee bar is the impelling force that makes Starbucks change The reason is simple Because he or she is the one who always gets in touch with the customers in their daily service impetus sth that encourages an activity to develop more quickly e g His articles provided the main impetus for change 12 Starbucks also distributes annual Bean Stock reports to all partners and the company publishes Pinnacle a newsletter that spotlights company performance as well as the activities of individual partners company wide Para 18 Starbucks also passed out Bean Stock reports to all employees and the company published a printed report named Pinnacle to all its employees which was focused on the company performance and the activities of individual employees spotlight focus attention on e g The program spotlights serious financial problems in the health service 13 Starbucks partners are always on the go Para 19 Starbucks employees are always very active and busy on the go be very active and busy e g Having four children keeps her on the go 14 The icing on the cake is sales growth of 65 percent a year over the last years while net income skyrockets by 70 to 100 percent a year Para 21 Compared with last years the sales growth of the icing on the cake a kind of cake is 65 percent a year Whereas the gross income suddenly increased by 70 to 100 percent a year skyrocket rise or cause to rise rapidly and suddenly e g Discovery of oil here has skyrocketed land values III Key to the Exercises 1 Reading Comprehension a Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the statement from the text 1 B 2 C 3 A 4 A 5 B b Fill in the blanks with the information you ve learned in the text 1 they value cultural diversity they are family friendly they invest in employee training they empower their employees 2 their employees Howard Schultz 3 cultural and technical aspects coffee knowledge product expertise customer service and interpersonal skills 4 full health and dental coverage vacation and participation in the company wide stock plan called Bean Stock 5 self managed work teams cross functional teams 2 Vocabulary a Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have learned in the text 1 astute 2 ignite 3 enthusiasm 4 turnover 5 transaction 6 interact with 7 come into contact with 8 empower 9 superior 10 drop out b Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 B 9 C 10 A 3 Cloze Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks Each word can be used only ONCE Change the form where necessary 1 motivated 2 selecting 3 retain 4 relied 5 differentiated 6 recruited 7 adaptability 8 prospective 9 require 10 efficiently 11 comprehensive 12 challenge 13 survived 14 rate 15 tripled 16 generous 17 financial 18 reveal 19 premium 20 morale 4 Translation a Chinese to English 1 Translate the following sentences into English 1 The fascination generated by exploration will inspire our young people to study math science and engineering and create a new generation of innovators and pioneers 2 Upon returning to England he employed the favorable media attention as a launching pad for his foray into politics 3 Owning to the nature of every growing business you will need to be on the go constantly and also be on the go prepared to work shift work including nights and weekends 4 In Australia gasoline prices have retreated although falls have been limited because of the weakness of the Australian dollar against its American counterpart 5 The Asian economy has presented a positive trend Some countries have overcome the impact of the financial crisis and revived development Asia has once again become the spotlight of global economic growth 6 China s accession to the WTO can promote not only the development of Chinese economy but also that of the world economy and will inject new impetus into the progress of Asian economy and world economy 7 The growing quantity of information couple with the development of technologies erable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before 8 The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour whatever he does whoever he is 2 Translate the following paragraph into English It s actually pretty natural and almost unavoidable for managers to form expectations of their workers Research has found that in an organization our expectations of others can be tied directly to productivity profitability and yes motivation If you have high expectations of your employees you will possess a powerful and effective tool for improving performance and motivation within your organization Performance is often a matter of expectations Managers and supervisors form expectations of others which then influence how they interact with those people If you don t expect much from your employees they will sense that and perform poorly Why Because your expectations of them affect their desire to do well The point is that people naturally try to live up to our expectations of them or live down to them whatever the case may be So expect the best from your employees and don t be surprised if that s exactly what you get b English to Chinese 1 Translate the following paragraph into Chinese 哪些做法才能区分以人为本的公司呢 我们至少可以列出四条 第一 它们重视文化的多样 性 他们根据年龄 性别和种族积极寻求一支多元化的员工队伍 第二 它们具有家庭氛围 公司通过为其员工提供灵活的工作时间以及现场托儿服务设施等帮助员工平衡工作和个人 职责之间的关系 第三 它们对员工培训进行投资 这些公司花费巨资以确保员工的技能水 平始终保持最新状态 这不仅确保员工可以处理该公司的最新技术和工艺 而且还使这样的 员工极具市场竞争力 第四 以人为本的公司将权力下放给员工 它们将权力和义务下放到 公司的最底层 2 Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese 1 首先 如果你把他们安排在那些既能够体现他们自身价值同时又对公司发展有利的岗位 上 他们将会更加愿意展现出自己最棒的一面 2 如果你想激励员工让他们尽最大努力完成自己的工作 如果你想让他们成为公司最有价 值的资产 那就让他们有公司的主人的感觉吧 3 你作为领导应该知道员工积极性与其工作表现之间有直接的联系 事实上 这种联系取决 于你公司的文化以及公司文化灌输给员工的热情 4 员工能提出越多关于自己工作的想法 也越有可能接受你的看法 5 只有当员工像老板进行投资那样决定投入自己的能力和精力的时候 他们才是真的 认 同 因此请给员工参与制定绩效标准的机会 Text BDesigning Cities for People Key to the Exercises a Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below Change the form where necessary 1 end up with 2 overwhelming 3 espouse 4 unprecedented 5 be identical to 6 revive 7 deprived of 8 deemed 9 rely on 10 bias b Complete the sentences with the information given in the text 1 the ratio of parks to parking lots 2 150 million people 2 8 billion people more than half of us are living in cities 3 what could be done for who did not own cars 4 they are the only places where people meet as equals 5 an alternative transportation system inexpensive and commuter friendly 6 biophilia hypothesis deprived of contact with nature a measurable decline in well being 7 budget allocations for transportation heavily biased toward highways and streets shifting resources from roads and highways urban transit and bicycle support facilities 8 concentrate fiscal resources the small fraction of their people who own cars 9 functional and affordable making them attractive even cultural centers 10 redesign communities the centerpiece of urban transport pedestrian and bicycle friendly c Decide whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE according to the text 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 T 6 F 7 T 8 F 9 F 10 F Unit 2 Higher Education Text AThe Long Haul Degree I Background information 1 The Modern Language Association of America MLA is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature The MLA aims to strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature It has 30 000 members in 100 countries primarily academic scholars professors and graduate students who study or teach language and literature including English other modern languages and comparative literature Although founded in the United States with offices located in New York City the MLA s membership concerns reputation and influence are international in scope The MLA was founded in 1883 at The Johns Hopkins University as a discussion and advocacy group for the study of literature and modern languages that is all but classical languages such as ancient Latin and Greek The officers of the MLA are elected by its members The 2009 president was Catherine Porter professor emerita of French at the State University of New York at Cortland The president for 2010 is Sidonie Smith Martha Guernsey Colby Collegiate Professor of English and Women s Studies at the University of Michigan The MLA is governed by an Executive Council elected periodically by its members 2 Francisco Jos de Goya y Lucientes 30 March 1746 16 April 1828 was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and as the first of the moderns Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and through his works was both a commentator on and chronicler of his era The subversive and imaginative element in his art as well as his bold handling of paint provided a model for the work of later generations of artists notably Manet and Picasso 3 Saturn Devouring His Son is the name given to a painting by Spanish artist Francisco Goya It depicts the Greek myth of the Titan Cronus in the title Romanised to Saturn who fearing that his children would overthrow him ate each one upon their birth It is one of the series of Black Paintings that Goya painted directly onto the walls of his house sometime between 1819 and 1823 Saturn Devouring His Son a disturbing portrait of the god Saturn consuming one of his children was one of six works with which Goya decorated the dining room According to Roman myth it had been foretold that one of the sons of Saturn would overthrow him just as he had overthrown his father Caelus To prevent this Saturn ate his children moments after each was born His wife Ops eventually hid his sixth son Jupiter on the island of Crete deceiving Saturn by offering a stone wrapped in swaddling in his place Jupiter eventually supplanted his father just as the prophecy had predicted 4 The marketplace of ideas is a rationale for freedom of expression based on an analogy to the economic concept of a free market The marketplace of ideas belief holds that the truth or the best policy arises out of the competition of widely various ideas in free transparent public discourse an important part of liberal democracy This concept is often applied to discussions of patent law as well as freedom of the press and the responsibilities of the media More recently the term has come into use by educators in higher education who have linked the concept to academic freedom Louis Menand s The Marketplace of Ideas manages to do many things in four short essays describe the changing self conception of the university identify the difficulties behind curricular reform and analyze the anxieties of humanities professors But the book s chief accomplishment is its insistence that what we take for academic crises are probably just academic problems and they are ours to solve 5 A blue ribbon task force or committee is generally a group of people brought together to solve or advise on some important topic Traditionally the members of this group are prominent people usually experts in the topic under consideration The term derives from the concept of a blue ribbon being awarded at fairs and contests for either a winner or an outstanding achievement in some contest Thus a blue ribbon committee is one specifically chosen to be made up of outstanding members usually those who have significant academic social political or industry notoriety on their field 6 The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems The Academy s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines the arts business and public affairs James Bowdoin John Adams and John Hancock founded the Academy in Boston during the American Revolution Their objective as stated in its charter was to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest honour dignity and happiness of a free independent and virtuous people They were joined by Robert Treat Paine and 58 local community leaders to charter the organization in 1780 Other prominent men soon joined and early members included Benjamin Franklin George Washington Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton The modern Academy is headquartered in Cambridge Massachusetts in a building designed by Kallmann McKinnell and Wood It sponsors conferences organizes research projects and publishes a quarterly journal D dalus The Academy has approximately 4 000 fellows and 600 foreign honorary members About 200 Nobel Laureates are included in the membership 7 The National Science Foundation NSF is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non medical fields of science and engineering Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health With an annual budget of about US 6 87 billion fiscal year 2010 the NSF funds approximately 20 percent of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States colleges and universities In some fields such as mathematics computer science economics and the social sciences the NSF is the major source of federal backing The NSF s director deputy director and the 24 members of the National Science Board NSB are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate The director and deputy director are responsible for administration planning budgeting and day to day operations of the foundation while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies The current NSF Acting Director is Dr Cora B Marrett The NSF was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 Its stated mission is To promote the progress of science to advance the national health prosperity and welfare and to secure the national defense 8 The Council of Graduate Schools CGS mission is to improve and advance graduate education in order to ensure the vitality of intellectual discovery CGS accomplishes its mission through advocacy innovative research and the development and dissemination of best practices Supporting graduate education is critical to achieving the highly skilled workforce needed for the U S to compete effectively in the 21st century global economy II Language points 1 What some of those Ph D recipients may not realize is that they could spend another nine years or more looking for a tenure track teaching job at a college or university without ever finding one Para 1 Some of those students who have received Ph D may not realize that they could spend another nine years or more looking for a status of permanent teachi