l+代词.doc

1. lab=laboratory n.实验室2. labour(美labor) n.劳动3. labourer(美laborer) n.体力劳动者4. lack n.&vt.缺乏，缺少5 ladder n.梯子6. lady n.女士，夫人7. lake n.湖8. lamb n.羔羊9. lame adj.跛的，瘸的，残废的10. lamp n.灯，油灯；光源11. land n.陆地；土地v.登岸(陆)；降落12. language n.语言13. lantern n.灯笼；提灯14. lap n.(人坐时)膝部；(跑道的)一圈15. large adj.大的；巨大的16. laser n.激光17. last adj.最近刚过去的；最后的adv.最近刚过去；最后地n.最后18. last v.持续19. late adj.晚的，迟的adv.晚地，迟地20. lately adv.最近，不久前21. later adj.晚些的，迟些的22. latest adj.最近的，最新的；最晚的23. latter n.(两者之中的)后者24. laugh n.&v.笑，大笑；嘲笑25. laughter n.笑；笑声26. laundry n.洗衣店；要洗的衣服27. lavatory n.便所，厕所28. law n.法律，法令；定律29. lawyer n.律师30. lay(laid,laid)vt.放，搁31. lazy adj.懒惰的32. lead n.铅33. lead(led,led) v.领导，带领34. leader n.领袖，领导人35. leading adj.最主要的，第一位的36 leaf(leaves) n.(树，菜)叶37. league n.联盟，社团38. leak vi.漏；渗39. learn(learnt,learnt;learned,learned) vt.学，学习，学会40. learned adj.有才华的；博学的41. least n.最少，最少量42. leather n.皮革43. leave(left,left) v.离开；把留下，剩下44. lecture n.讲课，演讲45. left adj.左边的adv.向左n.左，左边46. left-handed adj.惯用左手的47. leftover adj.剩余的；剩下的n.剩饭菜48. left-wing n.左翼的49. leg n.腿；腿脚；支柱50. lemon n.柠檬adj.柠檬色(味)的51. lemonade n.柠檬水52. lend(lent,lent) vt.借(出)，把借给53. length n.长，长度，段，节54 less(little的比较级) adj.&adv.少于，小于55. lesson n.课；功课；教训56. let(let,let)vt.让57. letter n.信；字母58. letter-box n.信箱59. level n.水平线，水平60. liberate vt.解放，使获得自由61. liberation n.解放62. librarian n.图书管理员；(西方的)图书馆馆长63. library n.图书馆，图书室64. license n.执照，许可证65. lid n.盖子66. lie n.&vi.谎言；说谎67. lie(lay,lain) v.躺；卧；平放；位于68. life(lives) n.生命；生涯；生活；人生；生物69. lifetime n.一生，终生70. lift v.举起，抬起；(云、烟等)消散71. lift n.(英)电梯72 light n.光，光亮；灯，灯光vt.点(火)，点燃adj.明亮的；轻的；浅色的73. lightning n.闪电74. like prep.像，跟一样75. like vt.喜欢，喜爱76. likely adj.很可能的77. limit vt.限制；减少78. line n.绳索，线，排，行，线路v.画线于，(使)成行79. link v.连接；联系80. lion n.狮子81. lip n.嘴唇82. liquid n.&adj.液体；液体的83. list n.一览表，清单84. listen vi.听，仔细听85. literature n.文学86. literary adj.文学的87. litre(美liter) n.升；公升(容量单位)88. litter v.乱丢杂物89. little(比较级less,最高级least) adj.小的，少的adv.很少地，稍许n.没有多少，一点90. live vi.生活；居住；活着91. live adj.活的，活着的；实况，现场(直播)的92. lively adj.活泼的；充满生气的93. living adj.活着的n.生计94. load n.担子，货物95. loaf n.一个面包96. local adj.当地的；地方的97. lock n.锁vt.锁，锁上98. locust n.蝗虫99. London n.伦敦100. lonely adj.孤独的，寂寞的101. long adj.长的，远adv.长久102. look n.看，瞧v.看，观看v.link看起来103. loose adj.松散的；宽松的104. lorry n.(英)运货汽车，卡车105. loss n.丧失；损耗106. lose (lost,lost) vt.失去，丢失107. Lost & Found失物招领处108. lot n.许多，好些109. loud adj.大声的110 loudly adv.大声地111.loudspeaker n.扬声器，喇叭112. lounge n.休息厅；休息室113. love n.&vt.爱；热爱；很喜欢114.lovely adj.美好的，可爱的115. low adj.&adv.低；矮116. luck n.运气，好运117. lucky adj.运气好，侥幸118. luggage n.(总称)行李119. lunch n.午餐，午饭120.lung n.肺；肺脏11代词代词可以分为下列九类1 人称代词2 物主代词3 反身代词4. 相互代词5. 指示代词6. 疑问代词7. 关系代词8. 连接代词9 不定代词一 人称代词人称代词做主语时用主格，做宾语时用宾格。在作表语时，用宾格较多，例如：Who is knocking at the door? - Its me.但在强调结构中却常用主格：It was he who did it. It is she who wants this clothes.在使用人称代词时有下面几点值得注意：1）she可以用来代表国家，船只，大地，月亮等。e.g. I think England will do what she promised to do.2) 在并列的主语中，I总放在最后。e.g. Mary and I will be in charge of the case.3) 第三人称，男女两性并用时，男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.二 物主代词英语中主要有下列这些物主代词：类型 词义我的你的他（她，它）的我们的你们的他们的形容词性物主代词myyourHis, her, itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyoursHis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs1. 形容词性的物主代词只能作定语，如my brother 名词性的物主代词可以作：1） 表语Whose dictionary is this? -its mine.2) 主语 Ours is a big family.3) 宾语Lets clean their room first and ours later.2. “of +名词性物主代词”可用作定语That car of hers is always breaking down.= Her car is .三 反身代词1这些词可用来：1） 作宾语I cant express myself in English.2) 作表语I am not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。3）作主语或宾语的同位语The theory itself is all right.在作同位语时，自身代词常译作“本人”或“亲自”They must make investigation themselves.他们必须亲自作调查。与by oneself较难区分 By oneself 译为“一个人干（不要别人帮助）”They made the machine all by themselves. 这机器完全是他们自己制造的。2反身代词常和某些动词连用Enjoy oneself, behave oneself(使自己举止良好)， help yourself to sth. 请吃点。Come to oneself苏醒3常与某些介词连用By oneself 一个人做（不要别人帮助）For oneself替自己，自己 He has a right to decide for himself. 他有权自己决定。In oneself 本身 This is not a bad idea in itself. 这主意本身并不错。To oneself供自己用 She had a room to herself.她自己住一间房。四 相互代词One another与each other由于表示相互关系，称为相互代词，两者的用法是差不多的。We can help one another (each other).We are eager to learn from each other.我们都急欲向彼此学习。五 指示代词有this, that, these, those.注意：1 前面刚提到的东西，英语中常用that (或those)表示，而汉语中却常用这表示。e.g. We have no time to do it. Thats our trouble.我们没有时间做这事。这就是我们的问题。2. 指下面要谈到的事物时，常用this, 例如I want to know this: has John been here?3 those在下面的这种类型的句子里常出现，表示人们或东西（后面多有一定定语修饰）Those who wish to go to the concert may sign up here.He was among those who attended it. 他是到会人之一。六 疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what, which都是来构成特殊问句的。Who通常做主语和表语，whom做宾语。1 what, who 一般来说，what 问的是职业或地位，who问的是姓名。-What was her husband?- He was a lawyer.比较 - who was her husband? - He was John Smith, the son of a famous writer.2 which, what Which用于已知情况的选择，其后可以跟of, 而what用于未知情况的疑问，其后不能跟of.What fruit do you like best?Which do you like better, oranges or apples?3 在以这类代词做主语时，后面的动词可以用复数形式，也可以用单数形式，要看所代表的人或物是复数还是单数来决定。e.g. Who live(s) in this room? 如果不清楚代表的东西是复数还是单数，则动词多用单数形式。-Whats there on the desk?- Therere some books on it.七 关系代词：关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which，是用来引起定语从句的。它一面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词（或代词），一面又在从句内担任一个成分。举例问学生：The worker who invented the machine is now studying at Qinghua University.Who指这个工人，在从句中做主语。He is no longer the man that he was. That指这个man, 在从句中做表语。1 Who, whom 。Who, whom代表人，在从句中做主语时用who, 做宾语时用whom.The girl who spoke is my best friend.I want to find someone with whom I can discuss such things.2 whose。代表“某个人的”，在从句中做定语。Do you know anyone whose family is in Xian?3. which 代表事物，在从句中可以用作主语和宾语。He told a story which moved us deeply.4 that代表事物的时候更多些，也可代表人，在从句中做主语，宾语，表语。需要注意以下几点：1 在先行词是anything, all, much等词的句子中，多用that,不要用which.I never took anything that didnt belong to me.2. 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种，在限制性定语从句中，如果前面紧挨着介词，则不能用that.He is a man from whom we are all ready to learn.3. 在非限制性定从中，不能用that, 只能用who, whom代表人，用 which代表物。My sister, who is a nurse, came home for a few days.在这种从句中，which有时可代表前面说的整个情况或主句的某一部分，而不只代表一个词。He failed his exam, which proves that he wasnt working hard enough.八 连接代词：疑问代词都可以用作连接代词，来引起主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句。e.g. It is not decided who will hold the meeting?Do you know whose pen it is?The question is whom I should trust.1 代词what有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思。What (the thing which) she lacks is experience.We should never pretend to know what we dont know. (这里常出现that这个迷惑项。)2 who(m), which, what可以和ever构成合成词，和前面所提到的疑问代词一样，引导主从或宾从。（也就是whatever, whichever, whoever的用法）Whatever he did was right.Whoever makes mistakes must correct them.九 不定代词：英语中有下面这些不定代词：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no.以及一些复合不定代词，如：anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everything, nobody, nothing.1 none, no one, nothing的用法区别（1）none即可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指，常用来回答how many/much引导的疑问句；no one只能指人，而且只能是泛指概念，常来回答who引导的疑问句；nothing侧重于物，常用来回答what引导的疑问句。-How many people are there in the room?- None. (问学生)Who is in the room?- No one./nobody.(2) none后面可加of引导的介词短语，而something, anything, everything, nothing, someone.却不能。（3）none后面的谓语用什么？单数还是复数。答：none做主语时，如果侧重所有人的情况，动词多用复数，如果侧重每个人的情况，动词用单数。None of us are perfect.我们都不是完人。None of us has got a bike. 我们谁都没有自行车。2 each 和every的区别（1）each强调个体，every强调“全体”。不可用not each来表示部分否定，而not every表示部分否定。Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实（让学生翻）。not every man is honest.(2) every还可以表示“每隔。的；每。中的”Every year or two每一两年every other day每隔一天one car to every 20 people每20人承1辆车。 3 another, other, the other, others, the others的用法(1) another经常指三者或三者以上中的另一个，意思是“另外一个”，表示泛指。I dont like this coat. Show me another, please. (2) other表示“另外的”，只作定语。Any other plant, some other day(某天)(3) the other,两者中的另一个。常与one连用，构成onethe other (一个。另一个)(4) others泛指别的人或物，是other的复数形式，泛指别的人或物（但不是全部，全部是“the others”）e.g. some others(5) the others特指其余的人或物,是the other的复数形式。4 全部否定和部分否定（1）All, both, everyone, everybody, everything 和every加名词都表示全部肯定，no one, none, nobody, nothing, notany（其实是我们接触过最简单的句型） 和no +名词都表示全部否定；但当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管not在他们之前还是之后都表示部分否定；e.g. Both of them havent read this story. (not在后) 他们两人并没有都看过这个故事。only one of them has read this story.All bamboo doesnt grow tall=not all bamboo grows tall.并非所有竹子都长得高。全部否定的例子：all of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem.这些男孩都很聪明，但没有一个人能解出这道题。（2）总括性副词如everywhere, always, altogether, wholly和not连用时，也表示部分否定。如：Such a thing cant be found everywhere. 这种事并非到处可见。（部分否定）Such a thing can be found nowhere.这种事什么地方也见不到。（全否）5 both, all, either, any, neither, none的用法都任何都不两者botheitherneither都allanynoneII. It 用法It用法及其句型和固定搭配，其考查方式多通过“单项填空”进行，偶尔也出现在“短文改错”和“完形填空”中。因此在学习中应给予足够的重视。一、人称代词1. it的最基本用法是作代词，主要指刚提到的事物，以避免重复: They watched the train until it disappeared in the distance.2. 也可以指动物或婴儿(未知性别的婴儿或孩子): Is this your dog？No, it isnt.They got a baby and it was a ten-pounder3. 也可指抽象事物或指抽象环境和情景:I hate it when people talk with a full mouth二、非人称代词 1.it有时并不指具体的东西而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等： .指天气：It is a lovely day, isnt it? .指时间: It was nearly midnight when she came back.指日期:It is April First today.指距离:It is some 3000 kilometers from Beijing to Guangzhou.指价值:It is three dollars.指温度:Today it is 30 degrees centigrade. 三、其他用法1.在句子的主语不太明确时充当主语，表示谁在做某事： Who is it there? Its I (me/you/he.). I thought it was Mary, but it was not she. Her facelighted when she saw who it was. 2.泛泛的指某件事： (有时泛指一般情况) It doesnt matter. It is a shame, isnt it?How is it going?(情况怎样) It says in the newspaper that.3.it用在一些词组中，it 没有特别的意思 The last trains gone. Come on, well foot it.(来，咱们步行吧。)四、作形式主语，替代主语从句，动词不定式，或动名词短语：It is not easy to finish the work in two days.It is no use crying over spilt milk.It is as pity that you didnt read the book. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 不定式的逻辑主语是由 of引起，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的褒义或贬义形容词。 常见的词有： bad ， brave ， careless， clever ， cruel ， foolish ， good （好心的）， honest ， horrible ， kind ， lazy ， modest ， naughty ， nice（有教养的）， polite， rude ， silly ， stupid ， wise ， wrong（错误的）等。 这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth. 。 如:It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. .不定式的逻辑主语是由for引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的中性形容词。 常见的形容词有： important， necessary， natural easy ， safe ， common ， normal ， hard ， difficult ， dangerous ， unusual， rare ， impossible ， pleasant 如:It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the party. (3).作形式主语替代动名词短语It is no good / no use / useless doing sth. 常译为 “有好处或没有用” It is no good learning English without speaking English. Its useless trying to argue with Shylock.五、作形式宾语，代替不定式，动名词短语或宾语从句。We think it important to learn a foreign language. 该句型中的it 作形式宾语，该结构中常用的动词有：think, believe, make ,find consider, feel； 如:We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. He felt it important learning English well. They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.The Internet makes it easier for companies to keep in touch with customers.I must make it clear that we all should be happy.六、it的重要句型 1.强调句型: It is/was + 被强调部分 + that 从句 (被强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用) It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. It was they that (who ) cleaned the classroom yesterday.Was it in the street that you met her?Who was it that called him“comrade”?特例:It is not until + 被强调部分 + that . 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语直到才，可以说是 not . until . 的强调形式。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.= Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.= I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend.It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.（注意上述各句均为强调句型的“考点”）2. It is/was + 时间 + since 从已多久了。It is three years since I met him in Beijing.It was a long time since I (had) lived in that small mountain village with these farmers.It is five months since I arrived in New York.我到纽约已经五个月了。（注意：终止性动词表示从动作发生时算起；如果是状态动词或持续性动词，则从动作或状态结束时算起。）3.It is + 时间 + before 这个句型和上面句型中时间都是时间段，如long、years、months、weeks、five days、three hours、twenty minutes等。不过主句的时态多用一般将来时或一般过去时。It will be several years before we meet again.It was not long before they set out for the front.4. It is up to sb. to do sth 应由某人做某事。It is up to you to decide whether we start or not.5. It is clear ( obvious， true， possible， certain.) that 从句 常译为清楚的（显然的，真的，可能的,肯定的） It is very clear that hes round and tall like a tree. = That hes round and tall like a tree is very clear. 6. It is important ( necessary， right， strange， natural.) that 从句 常译为是重要的(必要的,对的,奇怪的,自然的).that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去，建议记住该句型中的形容词。 It is important that we (should) learn English well. It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 7. It is said (reported/ learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped.) that 从句 常译为据说（据报道，据悉） It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. 8. It is suggested ( advised/ ordered / demanded/ insisted/ commanded. ) that 从句.that后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省；常译为据建议；有命令） It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours. 9.It is time ( about time ，high time ) that从句(虚拟语气:动词用过去时did) It is time that children went to bed. It is time you bought a new car.10.It is the first ( second . ) time that从句(从句用现在完成时 have done ) It was the first ( second . ) time that从句(从句用过去完成时had done ) 常译为“是第一（二）次”。 It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here11. It is a pity ( a shame /an honour/a good thing/a fact,/a surprise/. ) that从句. that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去表示出乎意料，常译为竟然。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。 It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班 上，真是遗憾！ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！ 12.It happens (seems， looks， appears ) that从句.常译为 “ 碰巧,似乎是,看起来” It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧. It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来I.单句改错1There are shops on all sides of the street.2In the villages, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay. All but the aged and the women stay at home.3Sad and angry, Peter started aiming the stones into the lake, trying to calm him down.4Clothing made of manmade fibers has certain advantages over one made of natural fibers like cotton, wool or silk.5The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but that didnt help.6In spite of her misfortune, she lost nothing of her passion for life.7I would appreciate you if you come to my grandmas birthday party and say “Hello” to her.8Whats the matter?Everything serious, I hope.II.语法单句填空1Health experts believe that even a little exercise is far better than _ at all.2Come on! Anybody here can learn to do a rock climb. There is _ to it really.3No matter how busy he is, Tom makes _ a rule to see his parents every week.4Air quality today is much worse than _ in the 1980s because of too much air pollution.5As the two dictionaries are useful, Ill take _ and _ of them is very important to me.6If you dont build your dream, someone will hire you to build _.7Who is standing over there?It must be _ from an express company.8The first time you take part in a race，_ is very normal to feel tense.III. Dear Brad,Im very glad to hear from you. In your last letter you ask about the post-80s in China. Actually I am the boy who belongs to this group. Comparing with our parents, life for us is getting much hard. The job market is tough and the house is expensively to afford. Now many girls prefer to marry with a man who owns a house and a car. Therefore, I dont think love built on house and cars is true love, and I doubt how long it will last.As a matter of fact, though situations are tough today, a lot of we post-80s are making great efforts live a good life. I believe we will have a nice future. Li HuaIV. 书面表达（50分）短文写作 （共1题，满分30分）请你根据以下提示，并结合事例，用英语写一篇短文。Life isnt about waiting for the storm to passIt is about learning to dance in the rain注意：无须写标题；除诗歌外，文体不限；不能透露个人信息和学校名称；字数120左右。I. 答案：1.all改为both2.All改为None3.him改为himself4one改为that5.第二个that改为it6.nothing改为none7第一个you改为it8.Everything改为NothingII. 1. 答案：none考查代词。句意：健康专家认为即使是一点点的锻炼也比没有锻炼好得多。根据句意可知，此处应用none，表示“没有”。2. 答案：nothing考查不定代词。句意：加油！这儿的任何人都能学会攀岩。真的很简单。There is nothing t