语言学问答题.doc

阳性单词：man， uncle， bridegroom， monk， son， king阴性单词：woman，aunt， bride， nun， daughter， queen 人与动物语言区别：the difference between human language and animal communication is not quantitative but qualitative. one of the major differences between humans and animals is that human use of language is not just a response to external, or even internal, stimuli, as are the sounds and gestures of animals.Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc. Take compounds for another example. The two elements“photo” and“copy”in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.名词解释：1.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 4.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 5.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6.Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 10.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.1 arbitrary ：Describes the property of language, including sign language, whereby there is no natural or intrinsic relationship between the way a word is pronounced (or signed) and its meaning. 2 Descriptive Grammar： A linguists description or model of the mental grammar, including the units, structures, and rules. An explicit statement of what speakers know about their language. Cf. prescriptive grammar, teaching grammar. 3 Grammar： The mental representation of a speakers linguistic competence; what a speaker knows about a language, including its phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexicon. A linguistic description of a speakers mental grammar. 4 lexicon ：The component of the grammar containing speakers knowledge about morphemes and words; a speakers mental dictionary. 5 morphology ：The study of the structure of words; the component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation. 6 Phonology： The sound system of a language; the component of a grammar that includes the inventory of sounds (phonetic and phonemic units) and rules for their combination and pronunciation; the study of the sound systems of all languages. 7 Semantics： The study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences. 8 sign languages ：The languages used by deaf people in which linguistic units such as morphemes and words as well as grammatical relations are formed by manual and other body movements. 9 syntax ：The rules of sentence formation; the component of the mental grammar that represents speakers knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences. 10 Universal Grammar (UG) ：The innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages. 11 aspirated ：Describes a voiceless stop produced with a puff of air that results when the vocal cords remain open for a brief period after the release of the stop, e.g., the ph in pit. Cf. unaspirated. 12 diacritics： Additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length, tone, stress, nasalization; extra marks on a written character that change its usual value, e.g., the tilde drawn over the letter n in Spanish represents a palatalized nasal rather than an alveolar nasal. 13 glottis ：The opening between the vocal cords. 14 International Phonetic Association (IPA) ： The organization founded in 1888 to further phonetic research and develop the International Phonetic Alphabet. 15 manner of articulation ： The way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract. Stop, nasal, affricate, and fricative are some manners of articulation. Cf. place of articulation. 16 phonetics :The study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced (articulatory phonetics), how they are perceived (auditory or perceptual phonetics), and their physical aspects (acoustic phonetics). 17 stressed syllable : A syllable with relatively greater length, loudness, and/or higher pitch than other syllables in a word, and therefore perceived as prominent. Also called accent. 18 tone : Contrastive pitch of syllables in tone languages in which two words may be identical except for such differences in pitch, e.g., in Thai naa with falling pitch means “face,” but with a rising pitch means “thick.” Cf. register tones, contour tones.19 complementary distribution : The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment, e.g., p and ph in English. Cf. allophones.20 free variation： Alternative pronunciations of a word in which one sound is substituted for another without changing the words meaning, e.g., pronunciation of bottle as batEl or ba/El. 21 intonation： Pitch contour of a phrase or sentence. 22 length ：A prosodic feature referring to the duration of a segment. Two sounds may contrast in length, e.g., in Japanese the first vowel is + long in /biiru/ “beer” but long, therefore short, in /biru/ “building.” 23 minimal pair (or set) ：Two (or more) words that are identical except for one phoneme that occurs in the same position in each word, e.g., pain /pen/, bane /ben/, main /men/. 24 phonetic features ：Phonetic properties of segments (e.g., voice, nasal, alveolar) that distinguish one segment from another.25 acronym ：Word composed of the initials of several words, e.g., PET scan from positron-emission tomography scan. 26 compound ：A word composed of two or more words, e.g., washcloth, childproof cap. 27 form： Phonological or gestural representation of a morpheme or word. 28：meaning ：The conceptual or semantic aspect of a sign or utterance that permits us to comprehend the message being conveyed. Expressions in language generally have both form pronunciation or gesture and meaning. Cf. extension, intension, sense, reference. 29 morpheme ： Smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function, e.g., sheepdogs contains three mor 30 morphological rules ：Rules for combining morphemes to form stems and words. 31 open class： The class of lexical content words; a category of words that commonly adds new words, e.g., nouns, verbs. 32 orthography： The written form of a language; spelling. 33 complement； The constituent(s) in a phrase other than the head that complete(s) the meaning of the phrase. In the verb phrase found a puppy, the noun phrase a puppy is a complement of the head verb found. 34 deep structure； Any phrase structure tree generated by the phrase structure rules of a transformational grammar. The basic syntactic structures of the grammar. 35 direct object ；The grammatical relation of a noun phrase when it appears immediately below the verb phrase (VP) and next to the verb in deep structure; the noun phrase complement of a transitive verb, e.g., the puppy in the boy found the puppy. 36 functional category ；One of the categories of function words, including determiner, aux, complementizer, and preposition. These categories are not lexical or phrasal categories. Cf. lexical categories, phrasal categories. 37 phrase structure tree ；A tree diagram with syntactic categories at each node that reveals both the linear and hierarchical structure of phrases and sentences. 38 rules of syntax ；Principles of grammar that account for the grammaticality of sentences, their hierarchical structure, their word order, whether there is structural ambiguity, etc. Cf. phrase structure rules, transformational rules. 39 structure dependent ；(1) A principle of Universal Grammar that states that the application of transformational rules is determined by phrase structure properties, as opposed to structureless sequences of words or specific sentences; (2) the way children construct rules using their knowledge of syntactic structure irrespective of the specific words in the structure or their meaning. 40 surface structure ：The structure that results from applying transformational rules to a deep structure. It is syntactically closest to actual utterances. Cf. transformational rule. 41 transformational rule, transformation ：A syntactic rule that applies to an underlying phrase structure tree of a sentence (either deep structure or an intermediate structure already affected by a transformation) and derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements, e.g., the transformational rules of wh movement and do insertion relate the deep structure sentence John saw who to the surface structure Who did John see. 42 coreferential： Describes noun phrases (including pronouns) that re