中考专题---名词.doc

中考专题-名词名词中考考点：1）可数名词的复数 2）不可数名词的量 3）名词所有格4）名词的句法作用 5）名词与主谓一致 6）名词的相关词性考查方式：单项选择，完形填空，用所给词的适当形式填空考点一、专有名词概念: 表示人名，地名，团体，机构，组织等所特有的名称的词。一般表示的是独一无二的食物，第一个字母始终要大写。1. 不带冠词的专有名词人名：如果人名前有尊称或头衔，包括身份，地位，称号等，这些名词第一个字母要大写。 Eg: Lu Xun鲁迅 Premier Zhou周总理称呼：Dad，Uncle Tom, 地理名词：Beijing，China星期和月份：Monday, January 节日：National Day2. 带冠词的专有名词表示全体国民：the Chinese，the English 当姓氏的名词表示一家人或夫妇两人时要用the：the Smiths表示书籍，报刊，杂志的名词要用the：the Times团体，机构，学校，医院，公共建筑的名词前要加the：the Red Star Hospital表示江河湖海，山脉，群岛，森林，平原，盆地，沙漠等名词前要加the：the Pacific Ocean考点二、可数名词1. 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式单数变复数规则变化：1）一般情况在词尾加-s例如：book books，pen pens, doctor doctors， panda-pandas2） 以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es例如：bus buses，box boxes，watch watches，brush brushes3）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es例如：city cities, factory factories, country countries, family families但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy boys, day days4）以o结尾的词 黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿-“es” Negro-Negroes, hero heroes, tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes其余以“o”结尾的名词都加“s”例如：zoo zoos，radio radios， photo photos，piano pianos5） 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，初中常见的有：wife-wives，life-lives， thief-thieves， self-selves，shelf-shelves，loaf-loaves, wolf-wolves, knife knives，leaf leaves, half halves特殊情况：roof-roofs， giraffe-giraffes belief- beliefs, chief(酋长)- chiefs, cliff(悬崖)- cliffs, proof- proofs 不规则变化1） 词尾发生变化childchildren 2） 单复数同形deerdeer, sheepsheep, fishfish (表示种类时fishes), peoplepeople 3）内部元音字母发生变化footfeet, toothteeth, goosegeese, mousemice, manmen, womanwomen, 与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-womenEg：an Englishman，two Englishmen， policeman/policewomanpolicemen/policemen注意：某国人的单复数变化单复数同形：ChineseChinese, JapaneseJapanese，SwissSwiss 词尾加“s”：GermanGermans, RussianRussians, IndianIndians, AmericanAmericans, AustralianAustralians, CanadianCanadians, ItalianItalians, BrazilianBrazilians, Greeks(总称) GreekGreeks 变man为men：EnglishmanEnglishmen, FrenchmanFrenchmen Swedish（总称）Swede-Swedes注意名词做定语的单复数1）名词作定语一般用单数：boy student-boy students shoe shopshoe shops2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3) 用复数作定语的情况 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 sports meet运动会4) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes shop服装店 clothes brush衣刷4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk（强调事件）ten miles walk (强调距离)two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划 特殊情况如： seven-year-olds（表示一类人） Do more exercises:1）There are forty-five _ in this school. A man teachers B men teacher C men teachers 2）How far is it from your home to school? - Its about twenty walk. A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes 3) The action film has attracted millions of young people to the cinema. A. 130-minute B. 130-minutes C. 130 minute D. 130 minutes 4) I think should not be allowed to drive. A. sixteen years old B. sixteen-year-old C. sixteen-year-olds2. 几个注意点1）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。 2）以“s”结尾，但不是复数：科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths，politics游戏名称：bowls（保龄球）专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词：news, falls, customs 3）部分名词只有复数形式：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，scissors，compasses, goods(商品)，ashes（骨灰，尸体，文化遗址），works(作品)4) 集合名词：family，class，cattle, crowd, police 5) 复合名词的复数： 体现在最后一词上：policeman（policemen） go-between （go-betweens） 体现在主体词上：looker-on （lookers-on） sister-in-law (sisters-in-law)Do some exercises：1. The _ often eat grass on the hill. A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. sheep 2. “What do we need for the salad?” “We need two apples and three _.”A. orange B. tomatoes C. broccoli3. The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many_ there.A. bird B. duck C. sheep D. Rabbit4. Could you please pass me something to eat? What about some _?A. water B. orange C. fish D. tea考点三、不可数名词不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Thefoodisveryfresh.1. 常见的不可数名词气体：gas, air, biogas, oxygen, O3 材质：silk, cotton, lather, rubber, wool 液体：water, lemonade, tea, coffee, cocoa, coke, oil, gasoline（汽油）肉类：pork，mutton，beef，fish，chicken，meat粮食：rice，wheat，sushi，bread，flour，butter，curry垃圾：rubbish，garbage，trash，litter 有些不可数名词，加“s”后，意义发生变化： 6 room（空间）- rooms（房间） paper（纸）- papers（卷子） work（工作）- works（作品，工厂） plant（植物）- plants（工厂） good（形容词，好）- goods（商品） wood（木头）- woods（树林） custom（习俗）- customs（海关） arm（胳膊）- arms（武器） glass（玻璃）- glasses（眼镜） water（水）- waters（水域） orange（橙汁）- oranges（橙） time(时间) - times（次数）很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表示种类时就可数，但意义大多不发生变化。如： fruitfruits foodfoods fishfishes hairhairs 意义不同，可数/不可数word可数不可数experience经历经验exercise习题运动建议suggestion（s）advice 可数，不可数易混淆的名词可数名词difficulty, skill, accent, memory, discovery, pronunciation, hobby, interest, influence, surprise, difference, feeling, advantage, disadvantage, mistake, treasure, expression, experiment, emotion, development, behavior, cigarette, message, mood, change, trouble不可数名词hair, advice, furniture, knowledge, information, progress, energy, honey, ice , litter, news, salt, sugar, space, temperature, trouble, behavior, homework, housework, bamboo, eggplant2. 不可数名词的量化表达不可数名词如果要表示一定的数量,可以借助单位词milk 牛奶 a cup of mill一杯牛奶 work 工作 a piece of work一份工作water水 a drop of water 一滴水 paper纸 a piece of paper一张纸ice冰 a cube of ice 一块方冰 当数词大于一，量词变复数 A bag of rice - two bags of rice, four kilos of salt, five pieces of news谓语动词的单复数和数量词保持一致,而不是名词A pair of glasses is 100 yuan. Ten kilos of water are heavy.3. 可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语 只能修饰可数名词的有：few, many, a good/great many, a number of, a great/large number of, dozens of, scores of等只能修饰可数名词单数的有： many a, more than one 只能修饰不可数名词的有：much, little, a little, a large amount of, a great deal of 即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, 谓语动词的数取决于of后名词的单复数a large quantity of 、large quantities of （谓语动词的数取决于quantity的单复数）There is still lots of snow in the garden. There is plenty of rain here. A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall. 大厅里放了很多鲜花。 There are large quantities of food in the cupboard. 橱柜里有许多食物。Do more exercises:1. Could you please give some _ to the _ teachers?A. advice; man B. advices; men C. suggestion; man D. suggestions; men 2. Bananas, apples and oranges are all _.A. fruits B. vegetables C. drinks 3. Several years ago, people knew Yao Ming. But now he is well-known all over the world, not only in China. A. few B. little C. many D. most4. The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of _ from it.A. thing B. message C. informations D. information5. Could you please pass me something to eat? What about some _?A. water B. orange C. fish D. tea6. I think computers are very useful. They can help us get much on the Internet.A. game B. information C. idea D. message7. Mrs. Zhang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year. She said she would never forget some pleasant _while working there.A. experiments B. expressions C. experiences D. emotions考点四、名词所有格概念：表示某事物的所属关系A：1. 有生命的名词所有格：在末尾直接加 s Lucys hair， my mothers bag， my bosss mother2. 以s结尾的复数，直接加“”Students book, Teachers Day, 注意：Mothers Day, Fathers Day3. A,B and Cs: 表示共同拥有 Mary and Jims teacher is Mr. Lee. 4. As, Bs and Cs: 表示分别拥有 Marys and Jims teachers are good.5. 表示时间、度量，价值，国家、城市的名词，加s 构成所有格用于时间：half an hours walk / two weeks time/ todays newspaper用于度量：Thirteen tons weight / five hundred meters distance用于价值：a hundred yuans order / a million pounds用于天体：the earths satellite / the suns light用于国家：Chinas agriculture / Japans capital用于城市：Shenyangs streets / Dalians industryB：表示无生命的名词所有格 用 “of “教室的门the door of the classroom 山顶the top of the hill 书的封面The cover of a book C. 双重所有格: of+所有格 / of + 名词性的物主代词 a friend of mine, an old photo of my fathers注：双重所有格与of所有格的区别:He is a friend of your fathers 他是你爸爸的一个朋友。（强调你爸爸的朋友不止一个）He is a friend of your father。 他是你爸爸的朋友。（强调他对你爸爸的友好或友谊。）D. key, answer, ticket, time, way, chance, exit等名词表示所属关系时，介词用tothe key to the door, the answer to the question, the ticket to Titanic 其它注意点：V+a/an+抽象名词:have a rest/look/walk/break/good time take a look/walk leave/take a messageDo more exercises:1. How far is it from your home to school? Its about twenty _ walk.A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes2. The theme park is about ride from the museum. You should start out right now.A: two hour B: two hours C two hours D two-hours 3. Jenny and Janes _ coming to my office. Can you help to find the girls?No problem. They will be here_. A. mothers are; in a moment B. mother is; at the moment C. mothers are; right away D. mother is; in a moment4. Who