语言学基本内容 概念.ppt

第一单元1Designfeaturesoflanguage arbitrariness duality creativity displacement 2 Functionsoflanguage Informative Interpersonal 人际 Performative施为 Emotive Phaticcommunion寒暄语 Recreational Metalinguistic元语言功能3Mainbranchesoflinguistics Phonetics speechsounds 语音学 Phonology音系学 Morphology words 形态学 Syntax structuresofsentences 句法学 Semantics语义学 Pragmatics语用学Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication Importantdistinctioninlinguistics Descriptive native vsprescriptive Synchronic共时 diachronicstudies历时 Languevsparole Competencevsperformance 运用 第二单元1Phoneticsdivisions Articulatoryphonetics Acousticphonetics Auditoryphonetics2trachea气管 vocalfolds cords 声带 glottis声 epiglottis会厌 hardpalate硬颚 velum软颚 uvula小舌 alveolarridge齿 labium唇 larynx喉 pharynx咽3obstructionoftheairstreamintheproductionof 4IPA stop plosive 爆破音nasal鼻音fricative摩擦音affricate破擦音bilabial唇音labio dental唇齿音alveolar齿龈音velar软腭音uvular小舌音RP标准发音GA通用美国英语coarticulation协同发音aspirated送气音phoneme音位minimalpairs最小对立体allophone音位变体assimilation同化unvoiced清音epenthesissyllablestructure音节结构open closedsyllable开音节stress重音intonation语调tone音调 Consonants1 Mannersofarticulation stop fricative 2 Placesofarticulation bilabial dental alveolar 3 Voicing voicedvsvoicelessorunvoiced4 Nasalvsoral m n vsotherconsonants5 Lateralvscentral l Vowelsisproducedwithoutobstructionofairinthepronunciationofvowels1 Thepartofthetonguethatisraised front i central back 2 Theheightofthetongue high mid low closed i halfclosed e halfopen open a 3 Thedegreeofliprounding rounded u unrounded i 4 Monophthongvsdiphthongorpurevowelsvsglidings a au 5 Longvsshortvowelsortensevslaxvowels i I 3WORD Open Closed class封闭 开放类词wordswhosemembershipisfixed infinite or un limited Wordclasses分类 categoriesofwordsclassifiedaccordingtotheirgrammatical semantic phonologicalpropertiesoronthebasisofformalsimilaritiesintermsofinflectionsanddistribution interjections Article冠词 Newwordclassesidentified Particles小品词 to not subordinateelementinphrasalverb auxiliaties助词 traditional do can pro forms代词形式 determiners限定词 morpheme语素minimalunitsofmeaning 包括free bound 自由 粘着 affixes roots stems Formationofwords词的形成 theprocessofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships compounding derivation Compound复合 wordsthatconsistofmorethanonefreemorphemeorthewaytojointwoormoreseparatewordstoproduceasingleform completelyunited hyphenated separated noun verb adjective prepositionalcompounds endocentricandexocentric 离心的 compounds Allomorph语素变体morphemesmayhavedifferentshapesorphoneticforms lexicalchanges newwords invention compounding derivation blending fusion熔合法 abbreviation缩写词 acronym缩略语 backformation逆构词法 borrowing借词 Loanwords借词 bothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyalightadaptation Broadening词义扩大 toextendthemeaningofawordfromitsoriginalspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone Narrowing词义缩小 theoriginalmeaningofawordisnarrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense 3补充 Identificationofword stability uninterruptibility aminimumfreeform Lexeme词位 basicabstractunitsofthelexicon realizedindifferentgrammaticalforms Morphophonology形态音系学 relationshipbetweenphonologyandmorphonology5SENSE Senserelations涵义关系 sense abstractpropertiesofanentity synonymy同义关系 samenessrelation Antonymy 反义关系oppositenessrelation Gradableantonymy等级反义 covertermorunmarkedterm Complementaryantonymy 互补反义关系 Converseantonymy反向反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系 meaninginclusiveness superordinate上坐标词 hyponymsorco hyponyms下义词 同下义词 4句法 Syntacticrelations句法关系 1positionalrelations orwordorder位置 sequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage 横 2Relationofsubstitutability替代关系 setsofwordsorexpressionssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure 纵 3Relationofco occurrence同现 wordsofdifferentclassesrequiretheoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformaparticulartypeofsentences syntagmatic paradigmatic 横组合关系 纵聚合关系 immediateconstituents直接成分 ifaconstructionisanalyzedintotwoconstituentsatalevelimmediatelybelowthatconstruction coordination subordination 并列 从属关系 syntacticfunction句法功能 therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused areexpressedinsuchtermsassubject object predicate complement syntacticcategory语法范畴 thedefiningpropertiesoflanguageunitslikenouns verbs adjectives adverbs number数 gender性 case格 tense aspect voice语气 mood语态 degree concord agreement 一致关系 government folketymology俗词源学 recursiveness 递归性thereisnolimittothenumberoflinguisticelementsembedded嵌入intoonelinguisticelement cohesion 连贯aconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsentences Itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetextanddefinesitasatext 第一单元1Designfeaturesoflanguage arbitrariness duality creativity displacement 2 Functionsoflanguage Informative信息 Interpersonal 人际 Performative施为 Emotive Phaticcommunion寒暄语 Recreational Metalinguistic元语言功能3Mainbranchesoflinguistics Phonetics speechsounds 语音学 Phonology音系学 Morphology words 形态学 Syntax structuresofsentences 句法学 Semantics语义学 Pragmatics语用学Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication Importantdistinctioninlinguistics Descriptive native vsprescriptive Synchronic共时 diachronicstudies历时 Languevsparole Competencevsperformance 运用 第二单元1Phoneticsdivisions Articulatory Acoustic Auditoryphonetics2trachea气管 vocalfolds cords 声带 glottis声门 epiglottis会厌 hardpalate硬颚 velum软颚 uvula小舌 alveolarridge齿龈 labium唇 larynx喉 pharynx咽3obstructionoftheairstreamintheproductionof 4IPA国际音标 stop plosive 爆破音nasal鼻音fricative摩擦音affricate破擦音bilabial唇音labio dental唇齿音alveolar齿龈音velar软腭音uvular小舌音RP标准发音GA通用美国英语coarticulation协同发音aspirated送气音phoneme音位minimalpairs最小对立体allophone音位变体assimilation同化un