广中医研究生英语考试.doc

一、中医翻译20分 a. 英译汉（绿本，7unit，PPT、注释、练习、长难句）Uint1PPT:Pa1:原句：Its based on the holistic concept of the universe outlined in the spiritual insights of Daoism. Its based on the holistic concept of the universe.它建立在宇宙整体观的基础上。This holistic concept is outlined in the spiritual insights of Daoism. 该整体观在道家精神内涵里有描述道家精神内涵对此整体观作了描述/解释这种理解建立在道家精神内涵里面描述的宇宙整体观基础上。Its based on the holistic concept of the universe outlined in the spiritual insights of Daoism, and it has produced a highly sophisticated set of practices designed to cure illness and to maintain health and well-being.译文：它基于到家精神内涵解释宇宙的整体观念，并且衍生出一套高度成熟的治疗疾病及保健的方法。Pa2:原句：Although they appear very different in approach, They all share the same underlying sets of assumptions about the nature of the human body and its place in the universe.Although they appear very different in approach尽管方法看似各不相同They all share the same underlying sets of assumptions他们有相同的基本认识Assumptions about.对的认识他们对的基本认识是相同的。译文：尽管这些方法看上去各不相同，但他们对人体本质以及它与自然界关系的认识是相同的。Pa3:原句：The last twenty years or so have seen a dramatic increase in the popularity of a whole range of therapies that have their origins well outside the accepted boundaries of Western scientific thought.The last twenty years have seen a dramatic increase in the popularity of therapies. These therapies have their origins. These origins are well outside the accepted boundaries of Western scientific thought. 这些治疗方法的起源同西方科学认可的思想相距甚远Pa4/5/6Bearing no obvious relationship to 无明显关系in all case 不管怎样，无论如何aerobic exercise 有氧运动in terms of 根据symptomatic relief 症状缓解原句：Yet, in all case, the proof is there in terms of symptomatic relief and improved health and well-being.the proof is there in terms of symptomatic relief and improved health and well being.there is the proof in symptomatic relief and improved health and well-being然而，在所有的病例里，证据是症状的缓解，健康状况的改善。译文：然而，所有的病例表明，症状得到缓解，健康状况得以改善。Pa7:原句：Analytical specificity is emphasized, and holism the view that approaches the person as a “whole” being, comprising body, mind and spiritis underplayed.Analytical specificity is emphasized, and holism is underplayed. 强调了部分的分析性，整体性却被忽略了。.the view that approaches the person as a “whole” being, comprising body, mind and spirit. 这种观念将人体视为一个由身体，思维，精神组成的整体Pa8：原句：The diagnosis will place the signs and symptoms into an interdependent tapestry where physical symptoms, emotional reactions, and spiritual beliefs are set alongside social and environmental factors in order to understand how the energy dynamics of the individual lead to health or disharmony.in order to understand how the energy dynamics of the individual lead to health or disharmony. 为了理解个人气机能（如何）导致健康与疾病the diagnosis will place the signs and symptoms into an interdependent tapestry 中医诊断把症状置于一个相互依存的整体下分析in the tapestry physical symptoms, emotional reactions and spiritual beliefs are set alongside social and environmental factors. 这是种精神、情绪同社会、环境相依存的整体中医诊断把症状归结为精神、情绪同社会、环境综合作用的结果。为了解释人体气机能导致健康或疾病，中医诊断学将临床症状归因为机体情绪及精神同社会、环境因素综合作用的结果。Pa10：原句：Indeed, to understand these principles and to apply them in daily life is as much a part of the Chinese system of health as are the treatment specialisms applied.to understand these principles and to apply them in daily life is a part of the Chinese system of health.the treatment specialisms applied are also a part of the Chinese system of health注释：1.（看Pa1）Its based on the holistic concept of the universe outlined in the spiritual insights of Daoism, and it has produced a highly sophisticated set of practices designed to cure illness and to maintain health and well-being.2. （看Pa2）Although they appear very different in approach, They all share the same underlying sets of assumptions about the nature of the human body and its place in the universe. 句中underlying sets of assumptions 意为“基本观念”。3.（看Pa4/5/6） Yet, in all case, the proof is there in terms of symptomatic relief and improved health and well-being.4.（看Pa7）Analytical specificity is emphasized, and holism the view that approaches the person as a “whole” being, comprising body, mind and spiritis underplayed.5.As human beings we exist as an integral part of an energetic energy-filled universe. Within this universe our mind ,body, and spirit are merely different manifestations of the same life force and consequently cannot be considered separately.人类是充满能量的宇宙的组成部分，我们的心智、集体和精神不过是同一生命活动的不同表现形式，自然不能分别看待。6. (看Pa8)The diagnosis will place the signs and symptoms into an interdependent tapestry where physical symptoms, emotional reactions, and spiritual beliefs are set alongside social and environmental factors in order to understand how the energy dynamics of the individual lead to health or disharmony. 练习：the nature of human body and its place in the universe人体本质及它与自然界的关系symptomatic relief症状的缓解/缓解症状an integral part of an energetic universe是充满能量的宇宙的组成部分well outside the accepted boundaries of Western scientific thought 同西方科学认可的思想相距甚远Uint2PPT:Pa1:One can seemingly understand it on a rational level, and yet, continually find new expressions of it in clinical practice and, indeed, in life. 在理论层面上，我们似乎不难理解这一概念，然而在临床实践与生活中我们会不断发现其新的内涵。Pa2:Moreover, yin contains the seed of yang and vice versa.阴可生阳，阳可生阴vice verse反之亦然Pa4: 原句：The implications of this apparently straightforward observation lead us in a direction quite at odds with the Aristotelian logic that underpins Western scientific thought. The implications of this observation lead us at odds with the Aristotelian logic. 这种观察所具含义有别于亚里士多德逻辑学。这种明显的直接的观察（认识）所具含义完全有别于作为西方科学思想基础的亚里士多德逻辑学。Pa5:原句：Its important to understand the concept that yin and yang are essentially descriptors of the dynamic interactions that underpin all aspects of the universe.Its important to understand the concept. Yin and Yang are descriptors of the dynamic interactions. The dynamic interactions underpin all aspects of the universe. 最重要的是懂得阴阳只是对自然界万物的能动作用的描述。Pa8:In theory all yin and yang can be infinitely subdivided into aspects that are themselves yin and yang.理论上，阴阳可以无限细分注释：1.（看Pa1）The concept of yin-yang is extremely simple, yet very profound. One can seemingly understand it on a rational level, and yet, continually find new expressions of it in clinical practice and, indeed, in life.阴阳的概念既简单又深奥。2.（看Pa4）The implications of this apparently straightforward observation lead us in a direction quite at odds with the Aristotelian logic that underpins Western scientific thought.3. Steam and ice can be seen in terms of water molecules that themselves have yin particles in relation to yang particles.水蒸气和冰都有水分子，而水分子同时含有阴粒子和阳粒子。4. If the yin and yang aspects are prevented from achieving balance through this mutual transformation process, the consequences may be catastrophic since, ultimately, balance will forcibly be achieved.如果阴阳的相互转化受阻，失去平衡，则会造成不好的后果。最终的结果是平衡会被强制恢复。5.The principle of treatment will be to allow the transformation of the excess yang into yin in order to reestablish a state of equilibrium and also of biology homeostasis.其治疗原则便是化阳为阴，以求恢复人体的动态平衡。练习：1. opposition of contraries 矛盾的对立2. from the Chinese perspective of yin and yang 从中国的阴阳观念出发3. further aspects of yin and yang 阴阳的进一步分化(成的各方面)4. in relation to the lower part of the front 相对于前面的下部5. imbalance of yin and yang 阴阳失调Uint3PPT:未有summer版，只有代课老师的PPT，都是汉译英营气construction(nutrient) qi 营血construction-blood 血虚blood vacuity 血淤blood stasis 血热blood heat 失眠insomnia 脉细a fine pulse眼花flowery vision 血液的凝滞congealing and stagnation of the blood 血寒blood cold 脉细涩a fine or rough pulse 刺痛stabbing pain热邪heat toxin 数脉a rapid pulse 胃液stomach juices 同一事物a single entity 突出其特性highlight specific characteristics相对清稀relatively thin 体表the surface of the flesh 滋润肌肉阴液yin humor 温煦和活化作用warming and activating function 离经之血 extravasated blood 绛舌 a crimson tongue 水之上源 upper source of water 气为血之帅 qi is the commander of the blood血液行于脉管之中，是一种富含营养的红色液体物质。Blood, circulating in the vessels, is a red liquid substance rich in nutrients. 血源于脾胃化生的水谷精微，具有营养和滋润全身的功能。Blood originates from cereal essence transformed by the spleen and stomach, and has the functions of nourishing and moistening the whole body. 正常的血液循行来自于心、肺、脾和肝的共同作用。 Normal blood circulation comes of the joint action of the heart, the lung, the spleen and the liver. 健全的精神活动来自于正常的血液循行及充足的血液供应。Sound mental activity results from normal circulation and a sufficient supply of blood. 津与液总是相提并论，因为一方面，它们都来源于脾胃化生的水谷精微；另一方面是由于它们可以互相转化。Jin and ye are always mentioned in the same breath because of the fact that, for one thing, both of them derive from food and water transported and transformed by the spleen and stomach, and for another, they can transform into each other. 尽管气、血、津液的性状及其功能各不相同，但它们却有许多共同之处。三者均为构成人体和维持人体生命活动的基本物质。它们均来自水谷精气。在生理上，它们相互依存、相互制约、相互为用；在病理上，它们相互影响，互为因果。 Despite their differences in nature, form and function, qi, blood and body fluid have something in common with each other. They are the basic materials that constitute the human body and maintain life activities; they all derive from cereal essence; they, physiologically, depend on each other for existence and restrain and utilize each other; they, pathologically, act upon each other and have causality between them. 血和津液都是液体，而且它们都有滋养功能。津液进入脉中就会成为血液的重要组成部分。因为血和津液都源于水谷津液，因此被称为“津血同源”。Blood and body fluid are liquids and, whats more, they both perform the nourishing and moistening functions. Body fluid will become an important component of blood when infiltrating into the blood vessels. As blood and body fluid originate from the essence of food and water, they are known as “body fluid and blood are derived from a common source.” 注释：1. The Magic Pivot(Lingshu , Jueqipian)states: “The middle jiao takes in qi, extracts its essence, and turns it into red substance that is blood.”灵枢 决其篇曰：“中焦受气，取汁，变化而为赤，是谓血。”2. From the qi that the middle jiao takes in, it produces waste and distills fluid from which it extracts the essence. This then flows into the lung channel where it is transformed into blood which furnishes the needs of the body. Its preciousness is unexcelled by anything. It flows through the blood vessels and is known as construction qi.中焦之所受气者，泌糟粕，蒸津液，化其精微，上行于肺脉，乃化而为血，以奉生身，莫贵于此，故独得行于经隧，命曰营气。3. The Canon of Difficult Issues (Nanjing).难经。4. blood governs nutrition 血主濡之5. The Elementary Question(Suwen)素问6. The liver receives blood ,so there is sight; the legs receive blood and thus are able to walk; the hands receive blood and so are able to grip; the fingers receive blood and then are able to grasp.肝得血而能视，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能摄。7. Qi invigorates and blood nourishes. 气主煦之，血主濡之。8. Fluids take in enter the stomach. Here, they are churned and their essential qi is strainer off. This is then carried to the spleen and further distributed by spleen qi. It passes up to the lung which ensures regular flow through the waterways down to the bladder. In this way, water essence is distributed to the four parts, by passing through the five channels.饮入于胃，游溢精气，上输于脾，脾气散精，上归于肺，通调水道，下输膀胱，水精四布，五经并行。9. moves the fluids of the stomach为胃行其津液10. The Magic Pivot(Lingshu, Jingmaipian) comments: ”The small intestine governs humor,” and “the large intestine governs liquid.”灵枢 经脉篇有云：“小肠主液，大肠主津。”11. The Elementary Question(Suwen, Linglanmidianlun) states:” The tripe jiao holds the office of the sluices; it manifests as the waterways.”素问 灵兰秘典论曰：“三焦者，决渎之官，水道出焉。”练习：1.The liver stores the blood 肝藏血2.The spleen manages the blood 脾统血3.Blood governs nutrition 血主濡之4.blood heat 血热5.Blood is the mother of qi 血为气之母6.blood stasis 血瘀Uint4PPT: Pa1:原句：As will soon become apparent, anyone assuming that treatments which are regarded by the Chinese as beneficial to the liver will automatically be useful against Western-defined hepatic disorders, will probably upset at the lack of success.Treatments are regarded by the Chinese as beneficial to the liver. 中医认为有利于治疗肝病的方法Those treatments will automatically be useful against Western-defined hepatic disorders.这些方法自然被认为对于西医所谓的肝病有好处Anyone assuming the above will become confused and probably upset at the lack of success. 有些人认为以上观点一定成立，但当其失效时，往往会变得不知所措、忐忑不安。有些人认为中医治疗肝病的方法理所当然对治疗西医所谓的肝病有好处。但是，当预期的疗效未能很快达到时，他们往往变得不知所措、忐忑不安。Pa2:原句：.they do not refer to the specific tissue, but rather to semi-abstract concepts which are complexes of closely interrelated functions.they do not refer to the specific tissue, but rather (they refer) to semi-abstract concepts.他们指的不是具体的脏器，而是一种半抽象的概念Those concepts are complexes of closely interrelated functions. 此概念指的是功能内在相关的综合体Pa3:.on the basis of one to one correspondence. 一一对应The description of problems in or among the organs is the basis for understanding diseases. 对脏腑内部及各脏腑之间的病理描述是理解疾病的基础。Pa4:The yin organs are said to “store and not drain”, meaning that their functions are directed toward sustaining homeostasis, both physically and mentally. 阴脏“藏而不泻”， 意为其功能主要是维持身体内物质和精神的动态平衡。 Each yang organ is associated with a yin organ by a special yin/yang relationship.阴脏和阳腑可按照其阴阳对应关系结成对子。Pairs of yin and yang organs so linked belong to the same phase, their channels are sequential to each other in the circulation of qi, their functions are closely linked, and disease in one usually affects the other. 在气的运行中它们的经络位置互为表里Pa5:.the patterns of disease, a pattern 证This is an example of the abstract in Chinese medicine, in that the signs and symptoms of a disease are grouped into “emblems” which represent the state of the health of the patient as a whole. 疾病的症状和体征汇合成症候，“象征”了病人的整体健康状况，这是中医抽象化的又一个体现。Pa7:原句：a Western-defined disease may have more than one corresponding Chinese pattern，or one Chinese pattern may appear under different Western-defined disease headings should come as no surprise. .a Western-defined disease may have more than one corresponding Chinese pattern.某种西医所谓的疾病在中医里可能对应几种病症.or one Chinese pattern may appear under different Western-defined disease headings. 或者，中医的某种病症可能出现在不同的西医疾病定义里（标题下）.the above fact should come as no surprise.出现以上这种情况不足以为怪注释：1. (看Pa1).2. actually although both contain elements of truth, it is best to come to grips with the Chinese concept of the organs on its own terms.实际上，这两种说法都有点道理，但是我们最好还是用中医特有的术语来阐释脏腑这一中医概念。3. in acupuncture ,the channel corresponding to the yang organ is often used to treat disorders of its yin organs.在针刺疗法中，六腑经络穴位常用于治疗五脏疾病。4. the active purpose of Chinese medicine is to “discern patterns and institute treatments”.中医旨在“辨证论治”。5. the senses of doctors and patients are used to garner information, which the doctor can synthesize into a total picture of how the patient is operating at that time.医生先对自己和病人感知的信息加以综合分析，再勾画出当时病体得到总体运转情况。 练习：the concept of the organs in CM 中医脏腑概念to come to grips with the Chinese concept of the organs in its own terms用中医特用的术语描述中医脏腑的概念on the basis of one to one correspondences 在一一对应的基础之上To discern patterns and institute treatments 辨证论治to come as no surprise 不足为怪a total picture of how the patient is operating at that time 当时病体的总体运转情况Uint5PPT:雷同练习，注释；部分我觉得有用的课文Protective qi 卫气 fear of cold 恶寒 dislike of wind 恶风Joy, anger, sadness and grief, pensiveness, fear, and fright 喜，怒，悲，思，恐，惊Lose control of urination 尿失禁 chest congestion 胸闷 a bitter taste in the mouth口苦注释：1 The six pernicious influences are the environmental factors that play a part in disease. They include six climatic phenomena wind, cold, fire of heat, dampness, dryness, and summer-heat and are also called the six evils(liuxie).六淫，又名六邪，是对风、寒、火（热）、湿、燥、暑六种因气候变化导致疾病产生的外感病邪的统称。2 Thus, the qi moves the blood , but also holds it in place; the heart stores shen(spirit) and also moves blood; the spleen rules ascending, the stomach rules descending; the liver rules spreading and the kidney rules storage; the lung rules the circulating and descending of qi; the kidney governs the grasping of qi.因此，气能生血，又能摄血；心藏神，心行血；脾主升清，胃主降浊；肝主疏泄；肾藏精；肺司呼吸，主肃降；肾主纳气。3 The Neijing states that “excess joy is associated with slow and scattered qi; excess anger induces the qi to ascend; excess sadness and grief weakens the qi; excess pensiveness generates knottedness or stuckness; fear results in descending qi; and fright induces chaotic qi.”内经记载说“喜则气缓；怒则气上；悲则气消；思则气结；恐则气下；惊则气乱。”4 The seven emotions are also thought to correlate with the five yin organs: joy with the heart; anger with the liver; sadness and grief with the lung; pensiveness with the spleen; and fear and fright with the kidney.人们还将七情与五脏相关联：喜为心志，怒为肝志，悲为肺志，思为脾志，恐为肾志。练习：yin and yang that generate and limit each other 阴阳互相促进、相互制约qi moving the blood，but also holding it in place 气能行血，又能摄血aversion toward cold 恶寒an external pernicious influence 外邪excessive joy leading to slow and scattered qi 喜则气缓fright inducing chaotic qi 惊则气乱Uint6PPT:Pa1:the five elements：wood, fire, earth, metal, waterPa2/3/4:木曰曲直（植物有弯曲向外和向上生长的特点）Wood is the bending and straighteningWood is characterized by bending and straightening肝喜条达（指肝气与肝血循环的通畅、顺利），主升，主动，具有疏泄的功能。The liver likes orderly smoothness and governs uprising and motion and has the dredging function.Analogically 以此类推Pa5/6:火曰炎上（火的特性，有温度，向上运动）Fire is the flaming upwardsFire is characterized by flaming upwards心主脉，具有推动气血以温养全身的功能。Heart governs the bl