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对峨眉武术文化的探索发布时间:2011-5-9 14:55:16峨眉武术研究会 汪键四川乐山市桃园路138号(邮编:614000) 摘要:本文从系统的角度、试图较为客观的定义了峨眉武术文化的概念。以期达到对峨眉武术文化模块全面的动态提升。并从峨眉武术文化的历史发展、文化背景、本土武术文化、武术技击等方面给以佐证。关键詞峨眉武术文化发散性无界外沿模块属性文化背景历史源流峨眉武术特点问题的提出在武术理论界,长期以来对峨眉武术文化的定义各说不一,有的以局限的地域为界,有的以狭义的武术技击为靶点,有的以几个单调的地方武术拳种固化等等,使峨眉武术在新的社会历史时期,难以发挥出自己应有的作用。为此,本文对此进行了探索。本文认为,峨眉武术文化的概念应是,以峨眉山为源心,以巴渝地域为发散性无界外沿模块,向世界辐射的一个具有相对特点、特色并在不断发展、变革的动态性武术文化种类,它具有养身、技击、医术、休闲、娱乐、历史文化载体的属性。那么峨眉武术的文化背景和历史源流是怎样呢?一最早有文字记载的武术沿革据史记载,山海经中所说皇人、中皇、西皇三山即今之峨眉三峰。五苻经载:皇人住峨眉山北,绝岩之下,苍玉为屋,黄帝往授三一五牙之法(运用阴阳五行的学说修炼人体精、气、神的内功心法。据四川老拳师介绍,民间流传的“万法归宗”手抄本就讲的该法,它是有文字记载最早的武术健身运动),“三一者乃上皇首篇也,能得之者,万祸不能干矣。”,“轩辕黄帝曾来峨眉山求道,故皇人所居之地为皇人山。皇人即道家思想之祖李耳(广成子又称李老君),老君渡轩辕成仙。”并传授轩辕长生不老的内功心法。正史人曰魏书、释志载:“道家之源,出于老子。其自言也,先天地生,以资万类。上处王京为神王之宗,下在紫微为飞仙之主授轩辕于峨眉,教帝喾于禾文德”。古人云“山不在高,有仙则名”,正是因为峨眉山有“仙”、有“佛”、有隐居修炼的“高人”,从而演绎出峨眉武术内外兼修的神功。这就是峨眉武术发展的雏形。从五帝到三国,道教因其练丹、巫术、强身健体和与自然的斗争,集团利益争斗的需要,与时渐盛的发展起来。为此也引来历代众多的帝王将相、达官贵人的求仙问道,以求延长寿命。史载,周武王伐纣得到巴蜀之师的襄助,巴蜀武人英勇善战,武艺高强,并在战争中得到发展,从而奠定了峨眉武术技击发展的基础。由于社会矛盾的加剧,促使了人与人之间的争斗,也促进了峨眉武术在民间的发展。富豪贵族为显示自己财富、身价与娱乐等的心理要求,让其武士、下人和百姓等进行了各种形式的搏斗、角力、手搏比赛,进而深化了峨眉武术的技击性。为满足宫廷、贵府视、听觉感官的享受,把技击动作进行了艺术加工。在民间,应民俗、民风的延习,为消闲、娱乐的需求,把各种技击手段、方法、技巧,编织成流连生动的程序。比较典型的是集技击、艺术为一体,又广为流传巴蜀于民间,传承春秋战国时期的“巴渝舞”。从而逐渐产生峨眉武术套路的雏形。从当今峨眉山市出土的战国青铜兵器以及各种岩墓、陶俑中的武术舞蹈中,可窥见当时的武、艺。乐山市市志、峨眉山县志、四川武术大全中的“峨眉通臂拳”是由战国时期的“白猿公”司徒玄空仿山猿创编的武术套路(现北京牛街流行的白猿通臂拳也系峨眉派这一分支),也可见一斑。东汉顺帝时张道陵创“五斗米道”于西蜀鹤鸣山(或作鹄鸣山,今四川大邑县境内)。张道陵自称太上老君降命其为天师,故称张天师。民间相传张道陵为养生功、纵欲生精的奠基者。晋代道教在峨眉山崛起,西晋佛教随至。宗教文化的聚集促进了峨眉武术文化的发展。隋唐之际峨眉山高僧、道士云集,他们汲取道教的动功和佛教禅修的静悟,逐步完善、发展了动静结合,内外兼修,长短相应,刚柔相济的峨眉武功。据乐山市市志记载,北宋的文学家苏轼坚持练剑习武和修身养性,在眉山县著有养生颂、养生论等传世之作。南宋峨眉山武僧,德源长老集山中僧道武技之长,编撰峨眉拳术,又则师峨眉灵猴,创编了白眉拳、火龙拳,传至明代。南宋建炎元年的白云禅师,运用医家之阴阳虚实、人体盛衰之机理,结合僧道武术中的动静功法,擒拿八法,点穴击要,融合一气,创编峨眉气桩功12节(后称“峨眉十二桩功”)。明代著名的爱国将领,右都御史唐顺之作峨眉道人拳歌(荆川先生文集卷二):“道人更自出新奇,乃是深山白猿授,险中呈巧众尽惊,掘里藏机人莫究”。 明清时期佛、道两家相争,再一次激活了峨眉武术文化的发展。四川武术大全记载了:清初太空和尚、神灯法师和清虚道长与少林、武当高手交流,练就了“峨眉子午门”拳法;碧云、静云二道长创“八卦拳”;付云和尚创“虎爪拳”;峨眉山僧人仿白鹤之势创“六通拳”;民间有传董海川来峨眉山学峨眉八盘掌,创(传)八卦掌,现在田氏八卦掌传人也记录了该拳与峨眉武术有较深的渊源;此时的峨眉枪法也响誉华夏,明吴殳著手臂录对此有精彩的介绍。峨眉县县志(1991年)有记载:峨眉山道士,自晋代起,不居石洞,建观修住。唐代以后,很少炼丹服药,注重自身修持。宋代以后,有的道士由养生炼气而炼成内功。明代达到高峰,少数道士,内功高超,与拳技相结合,演变成峨眉派武术。以后僧人也练武功,峨眉武术日益精进,独树一帜。到了清代,山上高手辈出,名闻天下,与武当、少林鼎立而三。民国时期,猪肝洞的尹道士、蔡道士,功夫较深,能拳、掌击碎石块。在1919年,四川青羊宫的“打金章”比武大赛,为四川武术的发展,也起到了一定的推动作用。 解放以后峨眉武术成为一项群众性的体育运动,从此峨眉武术对人们的竞技、健康、娱乐等发挥出重要的作用。二峨眉武术的特点:先诱后打,以智取胜峨眉山的大峨山、二峨山如美女之秀眉,古称为“娥媚”,峨眉山下嘉州古城如凤凰展翅;民间还有传说:峨眉武术是“九天玄女”所创,后有玄女剑法传世;再加上峨眉常用兵器中的“峨眉刺”如女人的发簪,使峨眉武术被许多人联想为是女人(尼姑)所创的拳术。其实,它是根据人们对女人没有防范心理的特点,创编的峨眉派其中的一种武术形式,这种技法体现了峨眉武术的一个多善“诱”、“变” 的特点,它区别与北方武术的大开大合,强攻硬打。四川山多水多,川人相对身材矮小,腿部力量发达,所以发展出先“诱”后“打”,以快取胜,善出隐招的拳术风格。由于峨眉武术根深、枝繁、叶茂,历史衍变、发展错踪复杂。我们还难以进行全面的概括,但仅从1983年四川省体委为抢救、整理峨眉武术文化,对川渝数千名60岁以上的老拳师的采访和技术录相,对四川武术资料进行挖掘的不完全统计,其拳术、器械及练功方法就已有1368种之多,其间不少武术技击动作显现出融化了少林、武当等各派的精华,又有独特的“峨眉派”特色。即武功特色为:内外兼修;套路特色为:短小精悍,拳打卧牛之地;技击特点:后发先至、擒拿封闭、背锁刁揉、钩弹蹬踢、吞吐浮沉。峨眉武术总的来说是:缩、小、绵、软、巧,讲究先诱后打,以智取胜确系中华一绝。为此,峨眉武术的“智”,更体现出体育的竞技性和娱乐性。三、融合继承,内外兼修 巴蜀历史上大的战争与大的移民,外来文化、武艺的充实,使峨眉武术文化这一主体得以不断的丰富。这对峨眉武术的发展起到极大的助力作用。据乐山市志记载:“周慎靓王五年”秦惠文王派张仪、司马错、都尉墨伐蜀,蜀王战败被杀,秦灭蜀。遣大批富豪、文人、艺人,移民入川,废除奴隶制,改巴蜀二国为巴郡、蜀郡置南安县(今乐山市市中区)。由此,大量的楚越文化、中原文化和武学、艺技流入四川,从而使峨眉武术得到了历史上的第一次大丰富。东汉建安19年,公元214年,刘备在四川以成都为中心建立蜀汉政权,赵云沿岷江而上攻取犍为郡城,任李严为犍为郡太守。大量的北方、中原文化和武术流入四川,再次丰富了峨眉武术文化和技艺。明末,清顺治元年,公元1644年,张献忠建立的四川大西政权于嘉定置平定府,领嘉定州。清顺治8年,公元1651年,张献忠义军刘文秀部攻占嘉定。清顺治9年,公元1652年,吴三桂攻占嘉定,刘文秀败走。此时大规模的湖广移民进入四川的搬迁运动,对峨眉武术的发展起到了促进作用。另外,乐山市青神县的王小波、李顺以及彭山县的白莲教,马边、洪雅等地的红灯教、义和团(相传有宗教色彩的峨眉神拳)等农民起义,普及、丰富和巩固了峨眉武术。再又,从峨眉山县符溪乡柏香林在1963年至1972年出土的180件各种青铜兵器和乐山、彭山出土的各种武术舞蹈崖墓、陶俑以及乐山城用于抵御战争的嘉州古城墙,可以窥见当时峨眉武术文化的盛行。抗日战争时期,1935年夏季,国民党政府为了其统治加强的需要,在峨眉山报国寺成立了“峨眉军官训练团”,在全国组织了一批武林人士入川。再加上战事的胁迫、一批武术名家如郑怀贤、张文广、朱国福、朱国贞、温敬铭、刘玉华、李雅轩、万籁生、郭子平、张英振、相法武、张腾蛟、李国操、余发斋、余鼎山、李岗杰、胡宏国等武林高手入川,注入了更多新的元素,对峨眉武术的更加丰富、激进起到了相应的作用,使峨眉拳系发展得更加多元化。从峨眉武术的内在发展要求来看,峨眉武术人士追随仙道、佛道的思维定势和追求完美和无限、至高的武术理想,使峨眉武术有吸收各派武术精华的强烈逼切需求。但又受巴蜀民俗、民风、自然环境的影响,自成体系。所以,当今的峨眉武术具有忽快忽慢,快慢相间,似柔而刚,刚柔相济,似后而先,后人发而先人至,内外兼修有别于其它武术类别的特点。结语本文认为,峨眉武术不仅是中华武术起源最早、拳数种类最多、拳数体系最完整、风格特点最明显的武术流派,而且其武术文化内涵也最丰富。本文对峨眉武术文化在武术界首次进行了随时空变化的动态系统的发散性模块化定义。界定了峨眉武术是一种大文化的武术,与其它武术种类存在着交集并具有鲜明个性的泛化武术类。本文认为,现在众多学者提到的“一树生五花,五花八叶扶,皎皎峨眉月,光义满江湖” (峨眉拳谱-拳乘(残本)中“一树生五花”是指峨眉武术是由峨眉武术的发源地峨眉山辐射到巴蜀的东、西、南、北、中。“五花八叶扶”是指各地域的峨眉武术又融入了各门派拳术精华,与巴蜀技击之精妙相结合,自成体系,并形成门派繁多,丰富多彩,享誉华夏的峨眉武功。所谓的:灌县的青城,丰都县的青牛,通江县的铁佛,开县的黄陵和涪陵县的点易,五个当时袍哥组织联络堂口的地名(暗号)和“八叶”的僧、岳、赵、杜、洪、会、字、化”等八大门的狭义的实指。他只是“拳歌”中的文学术语,仅是一种虚指。由此可见,峨眉武术文化是中华武术文化中重要的组成部分。参考文献:四川武术大全四川科技出版社1989年乐山市地方志编撰委员会乐山市志巴蜀书社2000年峨眉县志四川人民出版社.1991年峨眉山编纂委员会峨眉山志四川科学技术出版社 1997年成都市地方志编纂委员会成都市市志 四川辞书出版社 1998乐山市市中区地方志编撰委员会乐山市中区志巴蜀书社出版2003年习云太中国武术史人民体育出版社1985年第1版汪键习峨眉武功西南交通大学出版社2004年赵晔吴越春秋凤凰出版社1999年。刘向列仙传浙江古籍出版社1989年。方汝浩禅真逸史延边人民出版社1999年。山海经朝华出版社 2006年周潜川峨嵋十二桩释密山西人民出版社1960年9月吴殳手臂录康熙元年(1662)刊行无谷姚远编少林武术资料续编M.北京:书目文献出版社,1984.苏轼 集注分类东坡先生诗上海商务印书馆 民国徐哲东 国技论略 山西科学技术出版 1928年唐顺之(15071560),荆川先生文集 明代 正德二年到嘉靖三十九年但作为一个战斗的开始武术逐渐克服或在诸如捍卫佛教和神道的哲学和文化信仰的整合。 The popular culture still however continued to recognize the martial arts as systems of combat used as a means of defeating the enemy or defending oneself from attacks by the enemy.然而大众文化仍继续承认为打败敌人或由保卫自己的敌人攻击手段的作战系统的武术。 Deriving its name from Mars, the Roman God of War, martial arts literally mean arts of war.取得其来自火星,战争罗马神的名字,武术字面意思战争艺术。 The term was coined by the Europeans in the 15th century.该术语是由欧洲人在15世纪。 Zen Buddhism is considered the first philosophy to influence the Shaolin martial arts of China.被认为是佛教禅宗第一理念,以影响中国少林武术。 This philosophy enriched the arts by its teachings of meditation for self-control and discipline.这种理念的丰富了自我控制和纪律的教导冥想的艺术。 In Asia, the ancient martial arts also imbibed the cultural tradition of the hierarchical process of teaching whereby the teacher passes on the acquired skills to the disciple.在亚洲,也熏陶古代武术的教学,让老师在向弟子获得的技能等级证进程中的文化传统。 In China, the concept of martial arts like kung-fu and wushu as a method of self-defense was transforming into a philosophy of self-cultivation.在中国,在这样的功夫,作为自卫法武术武术的概念转变为一个修身养性的哲学。 It finds mention in the Daoist philosophical writings of China as in Zhuangzi.它发现提到在中国道家的哲学著作,如庄子。 The changing Chinese society gradually brought a philosophical basis to the martial arts.变化中的中国社会逐渐带来了哲学基础的武术。 In the 2nd and 3rd century BC, the Wuxia stories with martial arts as central theme were popularized by the Tang and Ming dynasties.在第2和第3个与武术世纪公元前的武侠小说的故事为中心的主题是推广了唐,明两代。 This genre of Chinese literature containing chivalrous stories has shaped the popular perception about martial arts.这个故事中包含侠义文学流派已经形成了关于武术普遍的看法。 Even the Chinese opera has culturally shaped martial arts from the time of the ancient Tang dynasty with movements from the art demonstrated in such operas.即使是中国昆曲已形成从文化与艺术运动从古代唐朝时表现出武术等歌剧。 Martial arts films starting from the 1970s have helped popularize the culture among the mass.武侠电影从70年代开始已捧红之间的大众文化。 The popular TV and film shows on martial arts however do not reflect its true philosophy.广受欢迎的电视和电影欣赏武术但并不反映其真正的理念。 The Cultural Revolution in China brought about great changes in martial arts philosophy to align it with the communist doctrine of Mao.在中国文化中的哲学革命所带来的巨大变化武术,使之与毛泽东的共产主义学说的。 Maoism encouraged martial arts more as a symbol of nationalism by eliminating any attention on individual achievements.毛泽东思想的鼓舞,消除任何对个人成就的重视武术作为一种民族主义的象征。 After the Cultural Revolution and during the reconstruction of post-Mao China, philosophical and cultural traditions of martial arts were revived.文革结束后,并在后毛泽东时代中国,哲学和文化传统武术的恢复重建。 In the present day market-driven China, both the traditional and the modern Wushu styles of the art are being encouraged.在当今市场为导向的中国,无论是传统与现代武术的艺术风格受到鼓励。 Throughout its 4,000 years of history, the Chinese martial arts have been shaped by the different philosophies.纵观其4000多年的历史,中国武术已经形成了不同的哲学。 While some styles have thrived on the philosophy of exhibitionism and competitiveness, others have philosophized martial arts as a method of self-discipline and defense.虽然有些款式有出风头的繁荣和竞争力的理念,另一些哲理作为一种自我约束和防御方法武术。 Ethics has also played a dominant role in martial arts philosophy starting from the times of the Shaolin monks who considered it more important than mere self-defense.伦理学在哲学上也发挥了主导作用,从武术的少林和尚谁认为它比单纯的自卫重要的时代开始。 An effort was made to integrate emotion and wisdom to build up through martial arts an internal harmony for a person to be moral in mind and action.作出努力,情感和智慧的结合,建立了一个通过武术内部和谐,一个人要在思想和行动的道德。 In the Japanese martial art jujutsu, a culture of respect and courtesy is encouraged.在日本武术柔术,尊重和礼貌的文化是鼓励。 Martial arts are in fact entwined with the Japanese culture.武术是与日本文化交织在一起的事实。 This is largely because the philosophies like Shintoism, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism that encourage martial arts coexist in Japan.这主要是因为像神道教,佛教,道教和儒教的理念,鼓励在日本武术并存。 Jujutsu uses the philosophy of using the opponents force to off-balance him and thus manipulating to prevent his further attack.柔术采用了利用对手的力量失去平衡,从而操纵他,以防止其进一步攻击哲学。 Japanese philosophy of martial arts emphasizes the mental states of the warrior to achieve victory.武术的日本哲学强调对战士的精神状态取得胜利。 Zanshin, Mushin and fudoshin are the three states of mind. Zanshin,Mushin和fudoshin是心灵的三种状态。 Zanshin keeps one mentally and spiritually ready all the time, Mushin is instant action without conscious thought and fudoshin is the state of unperturbed mind. Zanshin保留一个心理与精神准备的时候,是不是有意识的思想Mushin立即行动,fudoshin是坦然的心态。 中华武术的描述可以追溯到夏朝(夏朝),其中超过4000年以前存在。 Their origin is attributed to self-defense needs, hunting activities and military training in ancient China.其来源是由于自我防卫的需要,狩猎活动和中国古代的军事训练。 Hand-to-hand combat and weapons practice were important components in the training of Chinese soldiers.用手肉搏战和武器的做法,其中以中国士兵训练的重要组成部分。 From this beginning, Chinese martial arts proceeded to incorporate different philosophies and ideas into its practiceexpanding its purpose from self-defense to health maintenance and finally as method of self-cultivation.从这开始,中国武术开始纳入其实践为扩大从自卫的宗旨,以维护健康,最后作为自我修炼的方法不同的理念和想法。 Conversely, the influence of martial arts ideals in civilian society can be found in poetry, fiction, and eventually film.反之,武术在民间社会理想的影响可以发现在诗歌,小说,并最终电影。 Chinese martial arts are now an integral element of Chinese culture.中国武术已成为中华文化的一个组成部分。 According to tradition, the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi, traditional date of ascension to the throne 2698 BCE) introduced the earliest forms of martial arts to China.8 The Yellow Emperor is described as a famous general who, before becoming Chinas leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology and the martial arts.按照传统,黄帝(黄帝,提升传统日至王位2698公元前)介绍了武术的最早形式的中国。8黄帝是作为一个著名的将军描述谁,才成为中国的领导人,说医药,占星术和武术冗长的论文。 He allegedly developed the practice of jiao di or horn-butting and utilized it in war.据称,他开发了焦DI或喇叭对接的实践和在战争中使用它。 Shub (手搏) kung fu, practiced during the Shang dynasty (17661066 BCE), and Xiang Bo (similar to Sanda) from the 600s BCE, are just two examples of ancient Chinese kung fu. Shub(手搏)功夫,在商朝(公元前1766年至1066年)实行,并相搏(类似于散打)从公元前600,只是两个古老的中国功夫的例子。 In 509 BCE, Confucius suggested to Duke Ding of Lu that people practice the literary arts as well as the martial arts; thus, kung fu began to be practised by ordinary citizens external to the military and religious sects (pre-dating Shaolin by over 1,000 years).在公元前509,孔子建议公爵路,人们实践的文学艺术以及武术丁,因此,功夫开始受到外来的军事和宗教教派(早在1000少林普通公民实行年)。 A combat wrestling system called jul or jiol (角力) is mentioned in the Classic of Rites (1st c. BCE).摔跤在战斗系统,称为jul或jiol(角力)是在礼(公元前1角)经典提及。 This combat system included techniques such as strikes, throws, joint manipulation, and pressure point attacks.本次战斗系统包括技术,如罢工,投,联合操纵和压力点攻击。 Jiao Di became a sport during the Qin Dynasty (221207 BCE).姣的成为先秦时期(公元前221-207)的运动。 The Han History Bibliographies record that, by the Former Han (206 BCE 8 CE), there was a distinction between no-holds-barred weaponless fighting, which it calls shub (手搏), for which how-to manuals had already been written, and sportive wrestling, then known as jul or jiol (角力).该汉书书目记录,由前汉(公元前206 - 8 CE认证),有与无百无禁忌没有武器的战斗,它要求shub(手搏),其“如何做”手册有区别已经编写的,嬉戏摔跤,然后作为jul或jiol(角力)而闻名。 Wrestling is also documented in the Sh J, Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian (ca. 100 BCE).摔跤也记录在御史姬,在史记司马迁(约公元前100)编写的。 A hand to hand combat theory, including the integration of notions of hard and soft techniques, is expounded in the story of the Maiden of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue (5th c. BCE).一只手手作战理论,包括“硬”和“软”技术融合的概念,是在少女中越春秋吴越(公元前5角)志的故事阐述。 In the Tang Dynasty, descriptions of sword dances were immortalized in poems by Li Bai.在唐代,剑舞的描述是永生李白的诗篇。 In the Song and Yuan dynasties, xiangpu (the earliest form of sumo) contests were sponsored by the imperial courts.在宋,元时期,莆(即相扑最早的形式)赞助了比赛的朝廷。 The modern concepts of wushu were fully developed by the Ming and Qing dynasties.武术的现代概念完全开发的明,清两代。 Martial arts are also mentioned in Chinese philosophy.武术也提到了中国哲学。 Passages in the Zhuangzi (庄子), a Daoist text, pertain to the psychology and practice of martial arts.通道,在庄子(庄子),一个道家文本,涉及到心理和武术艺术实践。 Zhuangzi, its eponymous author, is believed to have lived in the 4th century BCE.庄子,其同名的作家,被认为是在公元前4世纪生活。 The Tao Te Ching, often credited to Lao Zi, is another Daoist text that contains principles applicable to martial arts.道德经,常记老子,道家是另一种文本,其中包含的原则适用于武术。 According to one of the classic texts of Confucianism, Zhou Li (周礼), Archery and charioteering were part of the six arts (六艺, including rites, music, calligraphy and mathematics) of the Zhou Dynasty (1122256 BCE).据儒,周黎(周礼),射箭和御经典文本之一属于“六艺”的一部分(六艺,包括礼仪,音乐,书法,数学)周朝(公元前1122-256) 。 The Art of War ( 孙子兵法), written during the 6th century BCE by Sun Tzu ( 孙子), deals directly with military warfare but contains ideas that are used in the Chinese martial arts.战争的(孙子兵法)艺术,写于公元6世纪,孙子(孙子),交易公元前军事战争,而是直接包含在中国武术中使用的想法。 Those examples shows the ideas associated with Chinese martial arts changed with the evolving Chinese society and over time acquired a philosophical basis.这些例子显示了中国的变化与不断发展的中国社会,随着时间的推移获得了武术的哲学基础相关的想法。 Daoist practitioners have been practicing Tao Yin, physical exercises similar to Qigong that was one of the progenitors to Tai Chi Chuan, at least since as early as 500 BCE.道教练习者在练习陶壹嗯,类似气功锻炼身体,这是对太极拳祖一至少自早在公元前500。 In 3992 CE, Six Chapters of Hand Fighting, were included in the Han Shu (history of the Former Han Dynasty) written by Pan Ku.在39-92 CE认证,“六手打篇”,包括在韩书(前汉书)由番苦写的。 Also, the noted physician, Hua Tuo, composed the Five Animals Playtiger, deer, monkey, bear, and bird, around 220 BCE.另外,著名的医生,华佗,组成了“五禽戏”约公元前220,虎,鹿,猴,熊,鸟,。 Daoist philosophy and their approach to health and exercise might have influenced to certain extent the Chinese martial arts.道教哲学和他们的方法对健康和运动可能在一定程度上影响了中国武术。 With regards to the Shaolin style of martial arts, the oldest evidence of Shaolin participation in combat is a stele from 728 CE that attests to two occasions: a defense of the Shaolin Monastery from bandits around 610 CE, and their subsequent role in the defeat of Wang Shichong at the Battle of Hulao in 621 CE From the 8th to the 15th centuries, there are no extant documents that provide evidence of Shaolin participation in combat.随着问候少林武术的风格,少林参加战斗最古老的证据是从728 CE的证明两次碑:对少林寺的土匪防御610左右行政长官,以及他们在失败后的作用王在在621从8世纪至15日行政长官战虎牢石崇,没有提供少林参加战斗的证据现存的文件。 However, between the 16th and 17th centuries there are at least forty extant sources which provided evidence that, not only did monks of Shaolin practice martial arts, but martial practice had become such an integral element of Shaolin monastic life that the monks felt the need to justify it by creating new Buddhist lore.不过,在16世纪和17世纪,至少有四十而提供的证据表明,不仅练习武术少林僧人,但实际上已成为武术这样一个少林僧侣生活中不可或缺的元素,僧侣们认为有必要对现存的来源辩护,它创造新的佛教传说。 References of martial arts practice in Shaolin appear in various literary genres of the late Ming: the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, military encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and even poetry.少林武术在实践中引用出现在各种文学体裁晚明:少林武僧的墓志铭,武术手册,军事百科全书,历史著作,游记,小说,甚至诗歌。 However these sources do not point out to any specific style originated in Shaolin.然而,这些资源没有指出任何具体的风格起源于少林。 These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang period, refer to Shaolin methods of armed combat.这些来源,而相比之下,从唐时期的,指的是武装战斗少林方法。 This include the forte of Shaolin monks and for which they had become famous the staff (Gun, pronounced as juen).The Ming General Qi Jiguang included description of Shaolin Quan fa (Pinyin qunf or Wade-Giles chan2 fa3, 拳法 fist principles) and staff techniques in his book, Ji Xiao Xin Shu (纪效新书) that title can be translated as New Book Recording Effective Techniques.这包括了少林武僧的长处,而且它们已成为著名的 - 。工作人员(枪,因为juen发音)明代戚继光一般包括少林拳发(拼音qunf或威妥玛拼音chan2 FA3系列,拳法说明“拳头原则“)和工作人员的技术在他的书中,纪效新书(纪效新书)的名称可以译为”新纪录册的有效技术。“ When this book spread to East Asia, it had a great influence on the development of martial arts in regions such as Okinawa and Korea.当这本书扩散到东亚,它有一个对武术在冲绳和韩国等地区的发展有很大的影响。 The fighting styles that are practiced today were developed over the centuries, after having incorporated forms that came into existence later.正在实行的战斗风格,今天发展了几百年,后是纳入到后来的存在形式。 Some of these include Bagua, Drunken Boxing, Eagle Claw, Five Animals, Hsing I, Hung Gar, Lau Gar, Monkey, Bak Mei Pai, Praying Mantis, Fujian White Crane, Wing Chun and Tai Chi Chuan.其中一些包括八卦,醉酒拳,鹰爪,五禽,兴我,红拳,刘碣,猴,朴美排,螳螂,福建白鹤拳,咏春拳和太极拳。 In 1900-01, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists rose against foreign occupiers and Christian missionaries in China.在一九年至1901年,正义与和谐拳头起来反抗外国占领者和中国基督教传教士。 Although this uprising, known in the West as the Boxer Rebellion due to the martial arts and calisthenics practiced by the rebels, originally opposed the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the Empress Dowager Cixi gained control of the rebellion and tried to use it against the foreign powers.虽然这次起义,在西方被称为义和团运动由于武术和健美操练习的叛军,原本反对满清末年,慈禧太后获得了叛乱的控制,并试图利用它反对外国势力。 The failure of the rebellion lead ten years later to the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the creation of the Chinese Republic.铅的叛乱失败后十年到清王朝灭亡和中华民国的创建。 The present view of Chinese martial arts are strongly influenced by the

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