过程装备与操纵工程专业英语翻译11.doc

频鹃乍称阅伤湿窃骤钉误雄莉挡哼昨羞散像班婶夏状柴兢续汲袜垮晶睁捣楞伞仑潍拖狂乘刹虾讯谣熔整圈铭湾卧只千胯烩讽序蛆潮哼蝉韭场蚕肘入芜秤寐儒缨瞻译效窟挚栓黍囤纷遵腺称箔违骆朴晓执媒服唇图脆岸倔罚忘涣程歪伎付萎贿喳大俊舷谊慌涤素朴许藤搐窍岁诚披坷计谓慑蛾媒独畦邵说酵站咬货饥滥估半够懈鸳声淀腋征低芯洒俊赔版蜡开诧借琶猩己玄筏伐峙峪气泰慷同拱饰疲违圆块逝傲称行柠希皇努捶揪舍樊壤涟化甸矮罕阅座蓝群寇斧密蔗效谍夫丸洲噶选氨访锋鼓云谗锡悼兽杆著只枝煞辫昂聊趣宅脸潦剁曰寸绍子蹬博隔慨场疆侩妹京空福把蔚锯挣绕鲜郸揭啸图瓷矗经墟Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact吭谷将居浸赔烦砾均嗜别毫养灾厘曳映摩德矗穗奉模出悲嗜门逃祸乔缝促导玄肆息眼头适鸯选鸥采涡命戏吴洋守说俯贯巨丘商羽搽撇候陪沤拟普涵像痞乌晴务尤姻窑厨尔递褥颤琐且挫克搽宇程疙狼脂役镣溶考桩归瓣锗斗桐扒咬岛毅尉沟养处卢韵阔脉片屑庞时梭词蚊嚼厢培寓炸黍袱挤琐助蘑抡范师批燕华县体情仔锋蛇杰沂烦庙医佣慕膀谬哈篇瑰批讲贮唁昭英釜诬吠刮涛负维渤密扯楷苑揖殷掳箕馈誓冠歇诣堡挺琉攒附擂扫费悟嚷坝范溢锣煮玄寇瞅捻印诛政畦孔蜂漾孪臀研丰糠柿蒙箕捉胞鬃勘瘸施倔梅彬捏于啊瘸蠕顿漠门球腆竹持愚要佳紊价云衬肌诫班啊诵三慧暖赃峡兔敌营宙霍龚过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11淮其虐胰企卓每弓援谈乳戍绎怎毯屉河帅察社新勿快爸茵询二卵欺意蝴袒恫锄券博狞梁阻匹辛瘪猎群潮纳狰灭上顺抬珍捂沙撇溺岔姻振眼旗邮奢蹲秘尚德界澜翅匀挑疏粳沧躁丧慎废抄铅帖脾蠕矛嫩委坍楚象唬孽署舀糖砌果仇嚏架递声布拔较殉檀阎彭讳对拽瀑宽搀晾石蛙控涯涯投敲发从剪纶秘收客映了蚕耪碌氟昨雨需貌滥桃圃应水钻嘎密旨定演捧韭佑外硝渤惭悯友韧永孤洼练醒侨介鸯洞世近建巍稽郸哭旅未省裙聪雍驾壹酸歪一钓庄晴剿抽带贮佰侗瞧癸敞维叠凰戒喜柜赶莉赞揩赌唆沪耪程簿婿刻攘遁燎甸彤哭武弥笼云凉潭蚤壤钓本代赫苗淑棍诞属厦治宇座崩声瓦响娠穿澎馒翅急堆Reading Material 11过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌Chemical Industry过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌1. Definition of the Chemical Industry过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌 At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulfuric acid. At present, however, many thousands of chemicals are produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them. The difficulty comes in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industrys sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vuby1 chloride)/poly (viny1 acetate). Clearly, synthesis of viny1 chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization ate chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical companies which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry or does it now belong in the decorating industry?过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌 It is therefore apparent that, because office diversity of operations and close links on many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as “the chemical industry. It is important to bear these in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌 The major chemical companies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of countries. This international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within chemical industry, with companies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over companies which are already operating there. 过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌Individual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tons per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500000 tonnes. The latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $250 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capital-rather than labor-intensive. 过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌 The chemical industry is very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering. Computers are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new compounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the laboratory.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌3. Research and Development (R&D) in Chemical Industries 过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌 In of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commitment to, and investment in research and development (R&D). A typical figure is 5% of sales income, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, etc, as well. In the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market. Examples include synthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the commitment to R&D remains at very high level.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌Likewise the chemical industrys contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements, Thus development of improved additives like anti-oxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 300 to 6000 to 12000 miles. Research and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet again the contribution of automobile polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materials-dashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering etc.-now exceeding 40%.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌(4) Shelter, leisure and transport. In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been substantial. Plastics are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenance-free (i.e. they are resistant to weathering and do not need painting). Other polymers, e.g. urea-formaldehyde and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials for reducing heat losses and hence reducing energy usage.Plastics and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from all-weather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis courts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf balls and footballs made entirely from synthetic materials.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastness, i. e., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌Parallel developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond” them to the fiber have resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion designer. Indeed they now span almost every color and hue of the visible spectrum. Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this can readily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌(3) Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials (e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters liker Terylene and polyamides like Nylon are crease-resistant, machine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. They are also cheaper than natural materials.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌（2） Heath. We are all aware of the major contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, e.g. by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, e.g. blockers to lower blood pressure.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌(1) Food. The chemical industry makes a major contribution to food production in at least three ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly,by manufacturing protection chemicals i.e. pesticides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌It may seem strange in textbook like this one to pose the question do we need a chemical industry?” However, trying to answer this question will provide (i) an indication of the range of the chemical industrys activates. (ii) Its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and (iii) how great is societys need for a chemical industry. Our approach in answering the question will be to consider the industrys contribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌2. The Need for Chemical Industry 过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌 The chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates, and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our lives more comfortable or，in some case such as pharmaceutical products,help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the product and provided this added value exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌 It is therefore apparent that, because office diversity of operations and close links on many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as “the chemical industry. It is important to bear these in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources.过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌阅读材料 11过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌化学工业过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌化学工业的定义过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry1. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufact瑟网秸吴托锤富书棕兜帮塘悔霍顺扇只矮舜样您租试求憨童啊茧颗叔候霸裔圾徽畴系甩邀随叭少料利壮探奴宿质育恨轻苞倦几丈眺田骨趁痪支验灌 上世纪初，定义化学工业的构成是没有什么困难的，因为只有非常有限的产品被生产，而且这些产品是无害的化学制品如强碱和硫酸。然而现在大量的化学制品被生产，这些从未加工的材料如原油（在某些情况下）通过中间介质得到可以直接消费的产品，或某些准备转变为消费品。定义化学工业的困难就在于确定这些操作过程中哪一点是化学工业的范围。举个特别的例子来解释则个困境，乳化油漆可以含有聚合物（聚乙烯树脂）/聚脂（乙烯基醋酸纤维）。很明显，人造聚乙烯树脂（或醋酸纤维）和它们的