对外经济贸易大学商务英语期末考试复习习题集.doc

对外经济贸易大学2009-2010学年第二学期商务英语期末考试复习习题集一、Questions and answers:1. What is economics?2. What does economics emphasize?3. What do natural resources include?4. Why is it very important for everyone to learn some economics?5. What is commerce?6. What are import quotas?7. What are voluntary export restraints?8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of international business?9. How do you define international trade?10. What is comparative advantage?11. What is the benefit of international trade?12. What is the multinational company?13. What is recession?14. What are the possible factors which cause business profits to fall?15. What are the characteristics of the depression stage?16. What are capital goods?17. What is trait theory?18. How does the writer define leadership?19. Why do some people take very dangerous jobs?20. What is motivation?21. Why is it vital for business people to have a fundamental understanding of business law?22. What are the ways to shift risks?23. What are the different kinds of insurance for business?24. What is risk?25. Why market research is especially important for small businesses?26. What is appeal in advertising?27. How can market research help businesses to promote foreign trade?28. What is market research?29. What are the common promotional techniques?30. Why is it significant to choose satisfactory products?31. What are the stages in the evolution of marketing?32. What are the activities involved in marketing?33. What is a qualified exporter?34. What is product differentiation?35. What is product life cycle?36. What is a product?37. What are the three basic skills managers should have?38. What is operation management?39. What is strategic planning?40. What are the basic functions of management?41. What is management?42. What does social responsibility mean?43. What kind of responsibility does a business take to its employees?44. How can a business make its customers happy?45. What kind of responsibility do businesses have to their owners?46. What should companies do with the social-cultural environment?47. What does the social-cultural environment consist of?48. What is the purpose of getting familiar with the historical environment?49. What are the forces that affect businesses?50. What determines the standard of living that we enjoy?二、Sentence translation from Chinese:1. 近年来经济发展得比较快，人民生活生活水平有了较大的提高。2. 宏观经济学是对一个国家经济整体方面和运作，诸如收入、产出和各种经济成分之间相互关系的研究。3. 中国同意降低关税和取消进口配额、取消出口补贴，并对外开放服务业的竞争。4. 新建的铁路将使南北交通更为便捷。5. 上周一中美双方高层贸易官员表示将加强中美双边贸易合作。6. 通过发展商业，降低商品价格，增加商品供应量，可刺激消费。7. 近年来，一些国家已经开始恢复市场在经济中的作用。8. 问题的关键在于国家的生产能力和人们的消费能力之间的巨大差距。9. 为了减少对奢侈品的消费，国家对这些产品征收高额的关税。10. 在一个国家成功的营销策略并不意味着就可以推广到别的国家，因为各个国家有着不同的情况。11. 不同的语言代表着不同的文化和思维方式，所以各种语言都有被保护的价值。12. 用户至上主义的盛行某种程度上保护了消费者的权利。13. 联想公司重申了高端电脑服务器授权经营的承诺。14. 大家认为经理做出的上调价格的决定糟糕透了，因为它直接导致了销售量的下滑。15. 由于设备落后，所以产量很低，厂长正在筹集资金以引进先进技术和设备。16. 多亏了互联网，现在不出家门就可以购物了。17. 今年夏天这款时装很快就流行起来。18. 只要贵方的报价合理， 我们就会向你们提交订单。19. 他的腿严重受伤， 只好退出比赛。20. 市场营销要想成功，你就必须把四个P组合好。21. 消费者倾向于购买那些最吸引他们的产品。 22. 公司的市场营销部门应该做大量的调查工作，收集客户的需求信息。23. 七十年代中期以来，美国还设立了一个高于这种贷款比率的目标价格。24. 兴建这些层数较多的大厦，将可应付市民对这类居所长期和持续的需求。25. 同时，商家要面对由设备更新和员工培训带来的一次性开销。26. 风险管理对公司的发展很重要。27. 套期保值、分包和保险是转移风险常用的三种方法。28. 在商业社会，我们每个人既是买主也是卖主，都直接或间接地参与商业活动。29. 金融危机使失业率大大上升了。30. 激励因素能提升员工的满意度。 三、Paragraph translation from English:1. Human resources represent the most important asset for any business. When a machine functions improperly, it is either repaired or replaced. But when a person needs upgrading or retraining, the personnel department usually provides it. Hiring and training net workers is expensive in both time and money. So the personnel function of a business attempts to select the right employees, place them in appropriate positions, and keep them as satisfied company team members.2. Marketing research includes the finding of economic facts and patterns of human behavior, since consumers purchasing is rooted in both economic and emotional buying motives. Economic buying motives reflect the customers concern with the most effective use of his limited resources.3. A promotional strategy has several objectives. One is educationalto provide information about a products availability, price, and special features. Most companies use newspaper, radio, and television advertisements to inform consumers of new products, special sales, or other company offers. 4. Business today is more aware than ever of its responsibility to the public and to its work force. Part of this social awareness involves such areas as equal opportunity employment for minorities, equal pay for women, truth in lending and advertising, and protection of the physical environment.5. During the market-growth stage, sales volume tends to increase rapidly. Rather quickly the product begins to earn a profit for the company. In fact, it is usually during this growth period that profits are greatest. As sales volume increases, unit costs decrease and profit margins reach their peak. 6. In the Early Modern ages the spice route changed to the Red Sea from the Persian Gulf in the second phase of the fifteenth century. This was a result of Levant being held by the Turks at that point of time. Pero de Covilha who was a Portuguese diplomat went on a mission to search the various trade routes in the Near East area and in Africa and Asia. He started his voyage from Santarem. He went to Barcelona, Naples, Alexandria, Cairo, and ultimately went to India.四、Composition writing:Topic One:Directions: Please write a 100-word composition entitled “Economics and our daily life”. You should write according to the outline given below.1. Definition of economics2. Functions of economics in our daily life3. Personal viewsTopic Two:Directions: Please write a 100-word composition entitled “Economics and International Trade”. You should write according to the outline given below.1. Definition of economics2. The importance of economics in the international trade3. Personal viewsTopic Three:Directions: Please write a 100-word composition entitled “International Trade and barriers”. You should write according to the outline given below.1. What are the barriers in the international trade?2. The impact of the barriers to the international trade3. Personal viewsTopic Four:Directions: Please write a 100-word composition entitled “Electronic Business”. You should write according to the outline given below.1. Whats Electronic Business?2. The importance of Electronic Business to the world economy3. Personal viewsTopic Five:Directions: Please write a 100-word composition entitled “International Trade and World Economy”. You should write according to the outline given below.1. The importance of the international trade towards the world economy2. The advantages of the international trade3. The disadvantages of the international tradeTopic Six:Directions: Please write a 100-word composition entitled “Trade Protectionism”. You should write according to the outline given below.1. The function and advantages of the protectionism2. The disadvantages3. Personal viewsTopic Seven:Directions: Please write a 100-word composition entitled “Tight Money Policy”. You should write according to the outline given below.1. The function of the policy in the national economy2. Impact of the policy3. Personal viewsTopic Eight:Directions: Please write a 100-word composition entitled “Business Cycle”. You should write according to the outline given below.1. Definition and phases of the Business Cycle2. Business Cycle and national economy3. Measures to ensure sustainable growth of national economyReference key to the exercises:一、Questions and answers: 1. Economics is the study of the way in which society uses its scarce resources to satisfy its many different wants. 2. Economics emphasizes the constant need for choices in using scarce funds and the desirability of weighing rationally the pros and cons of each alternative before making a decision. 3. Natural resources include farmland, building land, oil and other mineral deposits, forests, lakes, rivers, neighboring oceans, etc. 4. Economy and business are twin brothers. If we do not understand economy, we could not develop the international trade, and we will be blind in the field of business. The two are inalienable, dependent on each other, and promote each other.5. Commerce refers to the exchangeofgoodsthat must be transported from one place to another.6. Import quotas are a form of protectionism. An import quota fixes the quantity of a particular good that foreign producers may bring into a country over a specific period, usually a year. 7. A voluntary export restraint (VER) is a restriction set by a government on the quantity of goods that can be exported out of a country during a specified period of time. Often the word voluntary is placed in quotes because these restraints are typically implemented upon the insistence of the importing nations.8. Advantages to consider:Enhance your domestic competitiveness Increase sales and profits Gain your global market share Reduce dependence on existing markets Exploit international trade technology Reduce dependence on existing markets Exploit international trade technology Extend sales potential of existing products Stabilize seasonal market fluctuations Enhance potential for expansion of your business Sell excess production capacity Maintain cost competitiveness in your domestic market Disadvantages to keep in mind: You may need to wait for long-term gains Hire staff to launch international trading Modify your product or packaging Develop new promotional material Incur added administrative costs Dedicate personnel for traveling Wait long for payments Apply for additional financing Deal with special licenses and regulations 9. International trade is the worldwide exchange of goods and services across national boundary generally using some form of currency as payment.10. Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost than another person or country.11. It allows countries to acquire the goods and services they need but can not produce by themselves.12. It refers to a company operating in two or more countries. The famous MNC in china are Lenovo, Haier and so on.13. Recession is one stage of the contraction phase, in which the level of economic activity in a country quickly declines.14. A decline in sales is a major factor and price reductions to clear inventories accounts partially.15. In the depression stage，unemployment is high，many businesses are bankrupt，and a sense of economic helplessness prevails.16. Capital goods are goods used in the production of other goods such as industrial buildings, machinery, equipment, as well as highways, office buildings, and government installations. In the aggregate, such goods are key determiners of a countrys productive capacity.17. Trait theory holds that some people are born with certain personality and can become leaders, while those who dont have such traits can only be ordinary people and cant be leaders.18. Leadership is the process of directing people to attain predetermined objectives.19. Though they are dangerous, they are high-paid; and the workers need for money is greater than his or her need for safety.20. Motivation is the process of creating organizational conditions that will result in employees striving to attain company goals, or the process of stimulating employees to attain company goals. 21. To ensure the success of a company, it must operate within business law. Whatever businesspeople do, there must be some “rules of the game” to follow. A fundamental understanding of business law will also save businesspeople the costly legal fees. 22. There are a number of ways to do shift risks, including hedging, subcontracting, and buying insurance. 23. There are many different kinds of insurance for business, such as fire insurance, business interruption insurance, etc. 24. Risk is the possibility of suffering harm, loss or danger. Risk means uncertainty.25. Market research is absolutely essential for small business marketing. Without market research and a strong marketing plan, you may make all sorts of mistakes, from selecting a poor location for a walk-in business to charging too much or too little for your products. 26. It is the basic approach used in an advertising message to attract the attention or interest of customers and /or influence their feelings towards the product, service, or cause.27. As very few people know even simple facts about the geography, culture and economics of countries other than their homeland. Even fewer have at their fingertips all the details which can tell them whether or not their goods will sell in a particular market. So it is essential that export markets are carefully researched before a decision is made to enter them. We must realize that foreign markets are different from our own. We can use market research to identify any differences and assess how important the differences are to us. Therefore, market research is vital in foreign markets.28. Put in the broadest terms, market research is the process of investigating a market in order to find out the sales prospects for a particular product or group of products, and how to achieve success with that product or group of products.29. Common promotional techniques include advertising, packaging, branding, personal selling, sales manuals, enlisting of dealer cooperation in displaying goods at the point of purchase, and coupons and premiums.30. Choosing satisfactory products is important because it helps a firm replace old ones that have lost their market appeal.31. They are production era, the sales era, the marketing department era, and the marketing company era.32. Identifying the goods and services the consumer wants, and providing them where they are needed, when they are desired, and at a price the purchaser is willing to pay.33. A qualified exporter must be a product specialist as well as a communications specialist. He must be able to convey product knowledge to the customer in terms the customer can understand and will accept.34. Product differentiation is the technique of selecting and emphasizing the points of superiority of a specific product in business negotiations.35. Product life cycle refers to the stages through which a product passes from development to being withdrawn from the market, just as human beings progress in definite stages from birth through maturity to death.36. A product is a set of tangible physical attributes assembled in an identifiable form.37. Managers need to use three basic skills: technical, human, and conceptual. Technical skills require a knowledge of how things work. Human skills are those that help the manager work with employees on a person-to-person basis. Conceptual skills help the manager see the whole enterprise as well as the relationships that exist between the various parts.38. Operation management is an area of business concerned with the production of quality goods and services, and involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient and effective. It is the management of resources, the distribution of goods and services to customers.39. Strategic planning is an organizations process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Various business analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ) and PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis) or STEER analysis involving Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors and EPISTELS (Environment, Political, Informative, Social, Technological, Economic, Legal and Spiritual).40. Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/motivating, and controlling. Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next 5 years, etc.) and generating plans for action. Organizing: (Implementation) making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. Staffing: Job Analyzing, recruitment, and hiring individuals for appropriate jobs. Leading: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it. Controlling: Monitoring, checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback. Motivating: the process of stimulating an individual to take action that will accomplish a desired goal. 41. Management is the process of getting things done through people.42. Social responsibility is the obligation business has to assume concern for the welfare of the society in which it operates. 43. The social obligation of the firm to these individuals is to provide good salaries, good working conditions, job security, and satisfying work.44. One of the best ways of keeping the customers happy is to remain alert to their changing needs.45. The basic responsibility business has to its owners is that of protecting their investment. 46. Companies must coordinate its objectives with the values and beliefs of the society in which it operates.47. It consists of the beliefs, attitudes, customs, and practices of everyone in the society. 48. Businesses can draw lessons from the historical past and anticipate what will occur in the future so as to make appropriate plans for them.49. The environmental forces that affect businesses inc