过去分词用法说明(1).doc

过去分词用法说明一、过去分词的基本用法过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式。过去分词在意义上最主要特点是表被动，在时间上它可以表示多种关系： (1) 表示已经发生的动作：Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. 因生于贫穷家庭，他上不起学。Built in 1501，the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年，已有五百多年的历史。(2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概念：He is a man loved by all. 他是一个受大家爱戴的人。The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。【注】the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。(3) 表示与谓语动词同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作：Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来，他一言不发。He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。(4) 表示现在或过去(当时)的状态：The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来，双手被绑在后面。二、过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别两者均可表示被动，其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同(参见以上有关用法)，但有时它们也可表示相同的意思：Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别：Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室，我们就离开了。(有一种急促感)过去分词作状语的用法归纳过去分词或过去分词短语作状语时，表示被动和完成，在句子中一般可以作时间、原因等。1. 时间状语Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home quickly. 李蕾得知母亲生病了时，马上赶回了家。Seen from the moon, the earth looks green. 从月亮上看时，地球是绿色。2. 原因状语Broken down on the high way, his car was carried away by the police. 由于他的车在高速公路上坏了，于是被警察拖走了。Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class. 由于老师对他所做的事情很满意，于是在班上表扬了他。3. 条件状语Given a few minutes, Ill finish it. 再给几分钟的时间，我就会完成了。Compared with you, I still have a long way to go. 跟你比较起来，我还差得很远呢。4. 让步状语Explained a hundred times, he still cant understand it. 即使给他解释一百篇，她还是不会明白。Trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. 即使每天训练十个小时，他也还会是个傻瓜。5. 结果状语He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken. 他从树上摔了下来，腿摔断了。The cup fell down to the ground, broken. 茶杯掉到了地上，破碎了。注意：一般来说，不论是动词不定式作状语、-ing分词做状语，还是动词的过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。但是，有一些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为单独的短语，在句子中作状语。-独立主格结构。如：(1) exactly / honestly / frankly / generally speaking, 准确地说不过去/ 老实地说 / 坦率地说 / 一般说来。如：Exactly speaking, he got here at eight fourteen this morning. 准确地说，今天早晨他是十八点十四分来到这里的。Generally speaking, a snake wont attack a man unless it is bothered. 一般说来，蛇是不会攻击人的除非你冒犯了它。(2) judging from / by. 从 / 根据某东西判断Judging by his accent, he is from Hunan. 从他的口音来判断，他是湖南人。Judging from what he said, he is very honest. 从他所说的话来判断，它是很诚实的。(3) providing / provided 假如 / 如果Providing he follows our advice, we can help him. 要是他按我们的建议去做，我们就能帮助他。Provided he is free, he is sure to come. 如果他有空，他肯定会来。(4) considering. 考虑到Considering he was just a little boy, we didnt punish him. 考虑到他还只是一个小孩，我们就没有惩罚他了。Considering it was late, we didnt discuss the question. 考虑到时间不早了，我们就没有讨论这个问题了。(5) thinking of. 想到 / 考虑到Thinking of the environment we live in, the waste cant be thrown away around directly. 考虑到我们所生存的环境，废物不能直接到处乱扔。(6) talking of. 谈到 / 说到Talking of math, he became excited. 谈到数学，他就兴奋起来了。此外，还有短语：o consideration 把某事考虑进去；calculating roughly, 粗略地计算；supposing. 假定；to tell you the truth 实话告诉你；to be frank 坦白地说；to begin with 首先要做的是；so to speak 可以这么说；taken as a whole 从整体上来看；put frankly, 坦率地说；given that 鉴于等。非谓语动词用法比较1.不定式、-ing分词及动词的过去分词做表语一般说来，不定式做表语，相当于名词，说明主语的内容，回答what所提的问题；-ing分词作表语时，有时与不定式一样，相当于名词，说明主语的内容，回答what所提的问题，有时又与过去分词一样，相当于形容词，说明主语的性质、特征而过去分词说明主语的状态或心情，回答how所提出的问题。(1) 相当于名词。如：My job is to drive the car. = My job is driving the car. 我的工作就是开这辆小车。(2) 相当于形容词。如：The story is interesting. 这个故事很有趣。The mug is broken. 这口茶缸破了。2. 不定式、-ing分词及动词的过去分词做宾语补足语(1) 不定式做宾语补足语，强调动作的全过程；-ing分词做宾语补足语，强调动作正在进行；动词的过去分词做宾语补足语时，及物动词的过去分词表完成和被动，不及物动词的过去分词只表完成。如：I saw him go into the teachersoffice. 我见他进入了老师的办公室了。I found them walking in the street. 我发现他们在街上溜达。He spoke slowly to make himself understood better. 他说得很慢来使自己更好地被人理解。注意：感知觉动词接宾语补足语时，若是持续性动词，一般只能用-ing分词，而不能用不定式形式做宾语的补足语，如：I saw them play basketball this morning. 从语法角度来看是正确的，但从意义角度来考虑是错误的，因为，若无特殊原因，你不可能把他们打篮球的全过程看完，因此本句应该改为：I saw them playing basketball this morning. (2) 只能接不定式做宾语补足语的动词：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for；但当这些动词改为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语的补足语。如：The school doesnt allow us to swim in the river. 学校不允许我们下河游泳。Father encourages me to do what I like. 父亲鼓励我去做我所喜欢的事情。(3) 一般要接-ing分词做宾语补足语的动词：consider, find, keep, leave, send，suggest。如：Dont leave the children making noises there. 不要让孩子们在那儿吵闹。Add some wood to keep the fire burning. 添一些木材使火继续燃起来。注意：consider, find等一般不能接不定式作宾语补足语，但可接to be, to have done做宾语补足语。如：When I got there, I found the work to have been finished. 当我到达那儿时，我发现工作已被做完了。3. 不定式、-ing分词及动词的过去分词做定语(1) 不定式和过去分词做定语时，表示中心词跟逻辑主语之间存在着主谓或动宾关系，说明主语的内容；-ing分词做定语时，有两种情况：其一，与不定式作定语时一样，中心词跟逻辑主语之间也存在着主谓或动宾关系，其二，与名词一样，表示中心词的内容、用途、目的。如：The text to be learnt tomorrow is said to be very difficult. 明天要学的那篇课文据说很难。The song learnt last week is very interesting. 上周所学的那首歌很有趣。The sleeping boy is Li Leis bother. 正在睡觉的男孩是李蕾的弟弟。The sleeping bag is broken. 睡袋破了。The boiled water can be drunk. 开过的水可以被饮用(from )。(2) 不定式作定语时，表示即将发生的动作；-ing分词作定语时，表示正在发生的动作；动词的过去分词作定语时，表示已经完成的动作。如：The question to be discussed this afternoon is very important. 今天要讨论的问题很重要。The question discussed last night is very important. 昨晚所讨论的问题很重要。The question being discussed now is very important. 现在所讨论的问题很重要。(3) 使-ing分词作定语时，表示事物的性质或特征；使动词的过去分词作定语时，表示人的心理状态。如：an exciting event 扣人心弦的事件an excited speech 激动的话语an interesting story 有趣的故事an interested boy 感兴趣的男孩a surprising gift 意想不到的礼物a surprised cry 感到吃惊的叫声a moving deed一件感人的事迹a moved group很受感动的人群a frightening dog令人害怕的狗a frightened boy 感到害怕的男孩an exhausting job令人疲倦的工作an exhausted expression 疲惫的表情an embarrassing situation 令人尴尬的处境an embarrassed behavior 不自在的行为4. 不定式、-ing分词及动词的过去分词做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、原因和结果；-ing分词及动词的过去分词做状语主要表示原因、时间、结果、条件、让步、伴随、方式。(1) 作原因状语不定式、-ing分词都做表示原因的状语，但范围不同。不定式只能在表示情感方面的形容词后做原因状语。如：Im glad to meet you. 见到你很高兴。Being late, I was kept here after school. 由于迟到了，放学后我被留在这儿。(2) 作结果状语 不定式、-ing分词都做表示结果的状语，但不定式只表示出乎意料的结果；而-ing分词表示一种自然的结果。如：I bought an expensive computer home yesterday, only to find it used. 我昨天买了一台昂贵的电脑回来，结果发现它已被人使用过(from )。He ran very fast breaking the record of our school. 他跑得很快，结果打破了学校的纪录。(3) 其他情况-ing分词及过去分词不能做目的的状语；不定式不能作时间、条件、让步、伴随、方式状语。非谓语动词考题五种常见设题陷阱陷阱一：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查省略句1. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. A. wateredB. wateringC. waterD. to water【解析】答案选A。unless watered可视为unless they are watered之省略。又如：Unless changed. this law will make life difficult for farmers. 这项法令除非进行修改，否则将给农民的生活造成困难。2. No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performedB. performingC. to be performedD. being performed【解析】答案选A。No matter how frequently performed可视为No matter how frequently they are performed之省略。3. I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. _ good. A. SoundB. SoundedC. SoundingD. Sounds【解析】答案选D。Sound good为It sounds good之省略。陷阱二：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是形容词的用法1. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures. A. interestedB. interestingC. interestD. to interest【解析】答案选A。过去分词interested在此已转化为形容词，interested in意为“对感趣”。2. _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. A. SurprisingB. SurprisedC. Being surprisedD. To be surprising【解析】答案选B。由于与形容happy并列，故可排除C和D。又因为是用以说明主语Tony的心情，故用surprised，不用surpring。陷阱三：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查某种句式1. Its a long time since I saw my sister. _ her this weekend?A. Why not visit B. Why not to visitC. Why not visiting D. Why dont visit 【解析】答案选A。Why not为英语中常用句式，用于提出建议，其后只接动词原形，不接不定式或现在分词。注意不能选D，但是若D改为Why dont you visit也可以选。2. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming. A. forgetB. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget【解析】答案选A。此处的better实为youd better之省略。根据英语习惯，had better之后只能接动词原形，故选A。陷阱四：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查祈使句1. Mary, _ here everybody else, stay where you are. A. comeB. comesC. to comeD. com